COPD-OSAHS重叠综合征患者的相关研究进展
Correlational Research Progress in Patients with COPD-OSAHS Overlap Syndrome
摘要:阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合和慢性阻塞性肺疾病代表着成年人群中高度普遍存在的主要健康问题,两者均为呼吸系统常见的慢性疾病,当两种疾病出现在同一患者时称为OSAHS-COPD重叠综合征,其至少影响1%的人群。但到目前为止,OS特殊的临床特征并未得到很好地描述,临床对于重叠综合征的诊断也仅仅是通过COPD或者是OSAHS诊断标准来识别,还有目前存在绝大多数呼吸健康专业人员及临床医师团队对OS仍未有充分的认识,使得重叠综合征的漏诊与误诊率只升不降。
Abstract:Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease represent major health problems that are highly prevalent in the adult population. Both of them are common chronic diseases of the respiratory system. When the two diseases appear in the same patient, they are called OSAHS-COPD overlap syndrome, which affects at least 1% of the population. However, so far, the special clinical characteristics of OS have not been well described, and the clinical diagnosis of OS is only identified by COPD or OSAHS diagnostic criteria. In addition, most respiratory health professionals and clinical physician teams have not fully understood OS, which makes the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rate of overlap syndrome only rise.
文章引用:刘淑宪, 华毛. COPD-OSAHS重叠综合征患者的相关研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(6): 10022-10028. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361401

1. 前言

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD),简称慢阻肺,根据最新的指南,COPD被定义为一种可预防和可治疗的疾病,其临床表现主要是呼吸道症状,如咳嗽、痰液的产生和不同程度的呼吸困难,以及部分可逆的气流阻塞 [1] [2] ,最新的两项调查显示COPD影响了中国约13.6%~13.7%的40岁或以上成年人群 [3] [4] ,这将造成我国巨大的医疗经济负担。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是另一种常见的睡眠障碍性疾病,是睡眠呼吸障碍类型中最为常见的一种,约占全部类型的90%,其主要特点表现为睡眠期间上气道的反复塌陷、闭合,从而引起夜间间断的低氧血症和(或)高碳酸血症等一系列的疾病 [5] 。美国有学者对30~60岁人群进行统计,结果显示OSAHS发病率男性为24%,女性为9% [6] ,我国也有学者对某地区超过20岁的人群进行研究,结果表明OSAHS的发病率达到了5.1%,尤其是男性和高龄群体,其发病率高于女性和低龄群体,但在70岁之后处于相对稳定。当COPD与OSAHS同时表现于同一患者时,称为重叠综合征(OS),早在1985年,Flenley [7] 在COPD与OSAHS共存时创造了术语“重叠综合征(OS)”。有研究显示56.45%至78%的COPD患者同时存在OSAHS [8] 。且OS的患病率还因地理区域和人群而异。有研究报道由于COPD与OSAHS具有相似的病理生理作用,特别是在缺氧和全身炎症方面,两者同时发生比单独COPD或OSAHS具有更严重的夜间低氧血症和高碳酸血症作用,并且更容易并发心血管疾病,这两种情况的重叠也会降低日间血氧饱和度和生活质量,并增加COPD急性加重、合并症、经济负担和死亡率的频率 [9] 。故及时的、更深层次的了解OS患者的临床特征及相关危险因素对于OS早期识别及治疗提供了更多的证据,同时为了警惕COPD或OSAHS患者中潜在的OS,早期诊断和管理对于OS患者生活质量的提高及降低不良临床结果的风险至关重要。故本文主要针对OSAHS-COPD重叠综合征的相关危险因素、肺功能、睡眠监测、血气分析、肺动脉收缩压等临床特点以及各指标之间的相关性作如下表述。

2. 重叠综合的临床特征

2.1. 体重指数和糖皮质激素在重叠综合征中的意义

2.1.1. 体重指数(Body Mass Index, BMI)

BMI是COPD合并OSAHS的危险因素,其可能的原因与肥胖者的上气道解剖结构有关,肥胖者上呼吸道及咽腔周围软组织脂肪堆积,引起管腔结构狭窄,另外由于COPD慢性的病史以及低氧状态,人体组织细胞损伤,咽侧壁周围组织代偿性增厚,会进一步加重气流阻塞。一项关于OS的预测因素与预后的研究指出,BMI是COPD合并OSAHS危险因素,可用来预测OS的发生 [10] ,这与其他的报告一致 [11] [12] [13] [14] 。Peppard和同事报告称,体重增加10%可能导致AHI (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI)增加32%,体重减少10%则导致AHI评分下降26% [15] ,故目前BMI被证实与呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index, AHI)相关,且为COPD患者合并OSAHS的预测因子 [11] 。综上,对于超重或肥胖的COPD患者,即使他们没有出现睡眠呼吸暂停症状,也应该考虑多导睡眠监测(PSG)的检查,因为他们发生OS的风险较高。

2.1.2. 糖皮质激素

COPD是一种稳定期与急性加重反复交替的疾病,故需要用药物来控制这种疾病的反复发作与进展,尤其是中重度COPD的治疗,往往会给予患者吸入用皮质激素来控制病情,这也可能会引起局部咽肌肌病OSAHS的恶化。有研究指出上气道扩张肌功能可能受到骨骼肌病、吸入性皮质类固醇和吸烟的不利影响 [16] 。Teodorescu [17] 等报道,吸入皮质类固醇与哮喘患者上气道临界关闭压降低和打鼾风险增加相关,这也可能扩展到COPD。也有一项研究 [18] 列举了可能影响COPD发生OSAHS的危险因素,其中包括治疗药物—糖皮质激素,但该研究结果显示皮质类固醇可预防阻塞性呼吸暂停的发生,为保护因子,这与上述研究结果不符。故目前对于吸入用糖皮质激素对COPD中OSAHS的发生及具体机制仍未有明确的阐述,治疗用糖皮质激素是保护还是危险因素,仍有待进一步研究。

2.2. 重叠综合征肺功能变化

OSAHS与COPD都是呼吸系统常见的疾病,而肺功能是评价气道功能的一项客观的检查,其中用力肺活量(Forced Vital Capacity FVC)评价肺容量、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)评价气道阻塞程度、FEV1%评价病情严重程度、FEV1/FVC评价气流受限的严重程度。由于COPD长期的慢性炎症导致气道重塑,各种炎症因子破坏支气管粘膜,支气管壁支撑作用减弱,增加了气道阻力及肺泡腔的残气量增加,最终导致气流进行性不可逆受限 [19] ,而在OSAHS患者中由于夜间反复的上呼吸道塌陷,致使上呼吸道阻塞,同时OSAHS患者多见于肥胖患者,上呼吸道周围脂肪组织沉积,咽腔周围组织增生肥厚,上气道狭窄,导致气流阻塞更加严重。所以当COPD和OSAHS都存在时其肺功能会进一步受损。以往有学者发现,COPD合并OSAHS时患者的肺功能会进一步受到影响。作为气道阻塞程度敏感性指标,FEV1会随着病程的延长及疾病的加重而降低,COPD并发OSAHS患者FEV1低于单纯COPD患者,提示其肺功能受损更为严重 [20] 。但在大多的数研究中,OS和单纯COPD患者的肺功能参数没有显著差 [21] [22] [23] ,GOLD分类也没有显著差异。相反,正如预期的那样,OS与仅OSAHS患者的比较显示,OS组的FEV1/FVC、FEV1、FVC%、呼气峰流速和SaO2值显著较低 [24] [25] [26] 。

2.3. 重叠综合征的睡眠监测

根据先前的研究,当OS患者与仅COPD患者进行比较时,PSG监测结果存在很大差异,正如预期的那样,与仅COPD相比,OS患者在快速动眼睡眠期(REM)期和非快速动眼睡眠期(NREM)第三阶段的总睡眠时间TST (Total Sleep Time)和睡眠时间的百分比较低,但在NREM第一阶段的睡眠时间更高,唤醒指数更高。此外,最常见的是,在PSG监测中,当COPD与OSAHS相关时,研究人员观察到较高的AHI、低通气指数和氧饱和度指数ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index),但最低点和平均氧饱和度(SaO2)较低 [12] [22] [23] [27] - [32] 。当OS患者与仅OSAHS患者进行比较时,PSG结果也存在很大差异。然而,大多数研究人员一致认为,OS患者的AHI与仅有OSAHS相当,但OSAHS患者的额外COPD诊断会导致睡眠期间氧饱和度进一步下降 [24] [26] [33] [34] 。此外,AHI、TS90% (TST伴SaO2低于90%)、肺活量(VC)和FEV1/FVC是OS患者中高碳酸血症的最强预测指标 [35] [36] 。另外,TS90%随着OSAHS和COPD的严重程度而增加 [37] 。上述研究表明OS患者的睡眠损害相较于单纯的疾病更严重,但OS患者的呼吸暂停指数在对于OSAHS患者是否数值更高仍未有明确的验证,仍需大量的研究去证明。

3. 重叠综合征AHI与肺功能的相关性研究

一项研究 [38] 结果显示:OS患者的AHI和睡眠特征以及睡眠期间的平均动脉血氧饱和度和最低血氧饱和度均与FEV1无关。另一项关于重叠综合征肺功能与AHI之间相关性的多中心横断面研究 [39] 发现,OS患者FEV1、FEV1/FVC%与AHI呈显著正相关,但AHI与FVC无相关性,当根据肺功能的严重程度以FEV1%作为分类变量时,发现OS患者的轻度和中度肺功能的AHI明显高于重度肺功能。这些结果表明,COPD患者更严重的气流限与OSAHS的严重程度较低相关,也就是说COPD患者肺容量的增加似乎通过帮助稳定上气道来降低患者的AHI,该研究中进一步将OS肺功能按照严重程度根据GOLD分级进行分层时,发现各分级的FEV1与AHI无显著相关性,原因分析主要可能是用于回归分析的FEV1区间比AHI变异范围窄,使得很难在当前亚组样本量中找到显着相关性。另外还有一项研究 [40] 观察到,随着FEV1恶化而增加的死亡率通过较高的AHI而减少,这表明FEV1和AHI不具有协同作用,这与上述的研究结果不符,故对于FEV1与AHI关系的病理生理机制及两者之间的关系有待进一步研究。

4. 高海拔与OS的研究

高海拔是指在海拔1500米以上的地区,高海拔地区的地域特征为低氧、低压、干燥气候及强紫外线等,长期生活于此环境的OS患者的肺功能会有更严重的损害。一项关于高原对人群呼吸影响的研究表示 [41] 高原人群通过改变肺通气来适应长期的缺氧状态,肺通气的改变及其调节对人体适应低氧环境极为重要,由于高原人群长期处于低氧状态,患OSAHS后的呼吸暂停阶段血氧饱和度应该更低,另外其生理结构和功能均会发生相应的变 [42] ,使得肺功能损害更严重,低氧与肺功能损害相互交替,形成恶性循环。Pham [43] 等人的研究结果显示,高海拔地区与低海拔地区人群相比,睡眠障碍的患病率和严重程度显著增加,与低海拔区相比,高地人在清醒状态下SaO2较低,在进入睡眠时会进一步降低,并且相较于低海拔地区,高海拔人群中患中重度睡眠呼吸暂停的风险也较高。一项在高原地区OS的研究 [44] 结果显示,高原地区单纯COPD与OS患者基础肺功能相似,但OS患者静息SaO2和睡眠平均SaO2水平降低。另一项关于高原地区重叠综合征患者肺功能和血氧饱和度的临床分析 [45] 表示:OS组体重指数显著高于OSAHS组和COPD组患者,且OSAHS组体重指数显著高于COPD组(P < 0.05);OS组和OSAHS组AHI显著高于COPD组,而SaO2显著低于COPD组,OS组和OSAHS组之间AHI和SaO2也存在显著性差异;COPD组和OS组FEV1占预计值百分比以及FEV1/FVC (%)均显著低OSAHS组,且OS组显著低于COPD组,该研究表明高原地区OS患者在COPD和OSAHS患者中的发病率均较高,且高原地区寒冷低气压的气候条件会进一步加重OS患者夜间的低氧状态。一方面就OS本身而言,其存在更严重的肺功能损害,那么对高原人群来说,长期的低氧、低压对本来就差的肺功能、睡眠及缺氧更是雪上加霜,另一方面因患者长期居住于高原地区及慢性的COPD病史,常常将这种合并的症状认为是COPD缺氧及高原缺氧所致,导致OS常常被忽略。所以及时的判断OS的存在尤为重要,但目前为止,高原地区对OS相关临床特征的研究甚少,但鉴于逐年增加的OS患病率,研究早期或者可以识别OS特殊的临床特征尤为重要,在高原地区的更不能忽略。

5. 糖尿病和代谢综合征在重叠综合征中的作用

OS不仅仅是COPD与OSAHS两者的重叠,而且也是全身性疾病的危险因素。在大多数纳入的研究中,OS患者比仅有COPD的患者更常患糖尿病(DM) [10] [22] 。但对于OS组中DM的患病率是否高于单纯OSAHS患者,存在不同的观点 [24] [34] [46] [47] [48] 。已经注意到,合并DM的COPD患者发生重度急性加重和死亡的风险较高,因为DM影响该疾病的进展以及心血管疾病(CVD)的风险 [48] 。因此,适当的抗糖尿病治疗对这一人群尤为重要 [49] 。另外与单纯COPD和单纯OSAHS患者相比,OS患者的代谢结果更差,包括代谢综合征(MS)、腹部肥胖、高血压、高TG、低HDL-C和高葡萄糖水平的检出率更高 [50] [51] [52] 。总的来说,这些结果意味着MS的早期识别和治疗可能在预防OS相关并发症方面发挥重要作用。

6. 结论

综上所述,OS不仅仅是COPD与OSAHS的组合,还是许多全身性疾病的危险因素,OSAHS与COPD的组合与高的发病率、死亡率及更严重的临床特征密切相关,研究对于识别OS的促进因素及特殊的临床特征极为重要,另外高原环境的特点为低氧、低氧、强紫外线及干燥,这种环境对于有肺部疾病的患者更是雪上加霜,鉴于目前对于OS特殊的临床特征仍未有明确的描述,仍需进一步研究阐述,从而为临床诊断及治疗提供充足的理论依据。

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