白内障是全球致盲和视力损害的重要因素(
Lee et al., 2022
)。根据流行病学调查,这种以晶状体透明度降低或颜色改变为特征的退行性疾病在发展中国家尤为普遍。在我国,白内障是中老年人致盲和低视力的首要原因,估计超过三分之一的中老年人患有白内障(
Xu et al., 2020
)。随着白内障进展到影响视力的阶段,不仅会对患者的生理产生影响,还容易产生心理层面的问题,包括焦虑、抑郁及疾病不确定感等(
袁黎君,周红娣,2020
),其中抑郁和焦虑共病率更是高达44%~60% (
Jeon et al., 2017
)。以往大部分研究只调查了白内障患者焦虑和抑郁的现患水平和其影响因素,而忽略了它们各症状之间、症状群之间的相互作用关系(
袁维子等,2022
)。已有研究证明,焦虑和抑郁之间相互触发,互为危险因素(
Berk et al., 2023
),因此,单独治疗其中一种疾病是很困难的。若将焦虑和抑郁联系在一起,识别共病的关键症状和影响共病发展的症状来进行干预,或许是一种有效的治疗方式(
Yang et al., 2022
)。
网络分析是基于数学图论应用在心理学精神障碍领域通过量化各症状重要程度及各症状之间关系的一种重要创新方法(
Contreras et al., 2019
),这种方法可以用来阐明这些疾病的复杂性。网络节点对应于精神疾病的不同症状,症状之间的角色关联由连接节点的连接线表示,再以数据驱动,使每个节点和连接它们的连线具有网络的特征(
蔡玉清等,2020
),使精神障碍各症状间的联系可视化地呈现(
陈琛等,2021
)。通过计算中心性指数,可以评估网络模型中每个症状的相对显著性,这可帮助我们对某些症状的临床意义有更深层次的理解。此外,在识别网络模型的桥梁症状后,若进行针对性的干预,就可以抑制共病的发生(
Cramer et al., 2010
)。
<xref></xref>Table 1. Means, standard deviations, expected influences and bridge expected influences of GAD-7 and PHQ-9 symptoms in cataract patients (n = 627)Table 1. Means, standard deviations, expected influences and bridge expected influences of GAD-7 and PHQ-9 symptoms in cataract patients (n = 627) 表1. 白内障患者GAD-7、PHQ-9症状的均值、标准差、预期影响及桥预期影响(n = 627)
Figure 2. Expected influence and bridge expected influence of anxiety and depression symptoms in cataract patients--图2. 白内障患者抑郁和焦虑症状的预期影响和桥预期影响--3.4. 准确性和稳定性分析结果
本研究利用网络分析法探讨了627名白内障患者抑郁和焦虑共病网络结构,发现焦虑和抑郁两种疾病联系密切,这与其他关注焦虑和抑郁共病的网络研究结果一致(
Wang et al., 2024
)。在本研究中,我们确定了连接白内障患者焦虑和抑郁的关键“边”,这些“边”反映了该患者群体焦虑和抑郁之间的潜在相互作用。
在整体网络中,我们观察到“感到不安、担心及烦躁”和“无法控制担心”、“做事时提不起劲或没有兴趣”和“感到心情低落、沮丧或绝望”之间相关性较强,这与以往研究的发现一致(
Zhang et al., 2023
)。其次,白内障患者“非常焦躁,无法静坐”与“食欲不振或吃太多”之间呈低度负相关,这是由情绪化饮食所导致的饮食失调,有研究发现负性情绪化饮食与食欲不振(
Barnhart et al., 2021
)之间存在明显负相关。
通过预期影响和桥预期影响的结果可以观察到,“无法控制担心”是焦虑社团的核心症状。白内障患者受年龄、疾病严重程度和长期视力损伤的影响,不仅日常的衣食住行存在不便,还对个人及整个家庭造成较大的经济负担,这都导致白内障患者出现焦虑、抑郁等心理问题更为普遍(
刘惟蜻等,2023
)。研究发现,对患者及其家属普及白内障相关知识,告知患者围手术期预防措施,会减少患者对手术的恐惧与担心(
Karaman Özlü et al., 2016
)。同时,术前优质的护理技术(
Gong et al., 2018
)和术前听舒缓音乐(
Dahshan et al., 2021
)也可以有效提高患者的舒适度,减少术前焦虑,提高患者的合作感。
Figure 3. Accuracy assessment of edge weights--图3. 边权值的准确性分析--Figure 4. Results of stability analysis of expected influences and bridge expected influences--图4. 预期影响和桥预期影响的稳定性分析结果--
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