缺血性脑卒中是具有高致残率、高复发率、高死亡率的常见病之一,严重威胁着人类的健康及生活质量。近年来研究发现缺血性卒中患者的临床表现和疗效存在很大差异,其关键因素之一就是侧支循环的形成情况。缺血性卒中患者个体化治疗的前提条件取决于系统的评估侧支循环,侧支循环的评估对患者的预后及治疗有着重要意义。本文结合国内外最新研究成果,就缺血性卒中侧支循环的评估方法进行综述。
Ischemic stroke is nowadays a common disease threatening people’s lives with high disability, high recurrence and high mortality. Recent researches indicate that the discrepancy of clinical outcomes from ischemic stroke depends mainly on the establishment of collateral circulation, which is fundamental to individualized treatment and has prognostic effect on outcomes of the patients with ischemic stroke. The present article reviewed the latest researches about the methods of evaluation of collateral circulation.
References王忠诚. 中国六城市居民神经系统疾病的流行病学调查[J]. 中华神经外科杂志, 1985(1): 2.Anderson, C.S. (1995) A Population-Based Assessment of the Impact and Burden of Care Giving for Long-Term Stroke Survivors. Stroke, 26, 843-849. <br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.5.843国家八五课题组心脑血管病社区人群综合性预防研究[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 1998, 32(增刊): 3.吴平. 中国城乡四社区人群脑卒中类型分布[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 1998, 32(增刊): 27.Jia, Q., Liu, L.P. and Wang, Y.J. (2010) Stroke in China. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 37, 259-264. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05290.xYeo, L., Paliwal, P., Teoh, H.L., et al. (2015) Assessment of Intracranial Collaterals on CT Angiography in Anterior Circulation Acute Is Chemic Stroke. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 36, 289-294.
<br>https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4117Lebeskind, D.S. (2003) Collateral Circulation. Stroke, 34, 2279-2284.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000086465.41263.06饶明俐. 神经病学[M]. 第三版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2015: 168.杜鹃, 赵红如. 脑侧支循环与缺血性卒中[J]. 国际脑血管病杂志, 2012, 20(9): 701-705.陈锋, 谭最. 血管生成与动脉生成[J]. 国外医学外科学分册, 2005, 32(2): 64-67.吴江, 贾建平, 崔丽英, 等. 神经病学[M]. 第2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2010: 152-158.Jung, S., Wiest, R., Gralla, J., et al. (2017) Relevance of the Cerebral Collateral Circulation in ischaemic Stroke: Time Is Brain, But Collaterals Set the Pace. Swiss Medical Weekly, 147, 14538.Kang, S.Y. and Kim, J.S. (2008) Anterior Cerebral Artery Infarction: Stroke Mechanism and Clinical-Imaging Study in 100 Patients. Neurology, 70, 2386-2393. <br>https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000314686.94007.d0Liebeskind, D.S., Cotsonis, G.A., Saver, J.L., et al. (2011) Collaterals Dramatically Alter Stroke Risk in Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Annals of Neurology, 69, 963-974. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22354J Yeo, L.L., Paliwal, P., Low, A.F., et al. (2016) How Temporal Evolution of Intracranial Collaterals in Acute Stroke Affects Clinical Outcomes. Neurology, 86, 434-441. <br>https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002331Ungs, G.M., Slotboom, J., et al. (2013) Factors That Determine Penumbral Tissue Loss in Acute Ischaemic Stroke. Brain, 136, 3554-3560.Bang, Y., Saver, J.L., Kim, S.J., et al. (2011) Collateral Flow Predicts Response to Endovascular Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke, 42, 693-699. <br>https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.595256Lee, K.Y., Latour, L.L., Luby, M., et al. (2009) Distal Hyperintense Vessels on FLAIR: An MRI Marker for Collateral Circulation in Acute Stroke? Neurology, 72, 1134-1139. <br>https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000345360.80382.69Berkhemer, O.A., Fransen, P.S.S., Beumer, D., et al. (2015) A Randomized Trial of Intraarterial Treatment for Acute lschemic Stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 11-20.van Laar, P.J., van der Grond, J., Bremmer, J.P., et al. (2008) Assessment of the Contribution of the Extemal Carotid Artery to Brain Perfusion in Patients with Intemal Carotid Artery Occlusion. Stroke, 39, 3003-3008.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.514265Henderson, R.D., Eliasziw, M., Fox, A.J., et al. (2000) North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. Angiographically Defined Collateral Circulation and Risk of Stroke in Patients with Severe Carotid Artery Stenosis. Stroke, 31, 128-132. <br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.1.128Kaufmann, T.J., Huston, J. 3rd, Mandrekar, J.N., et al. (2007) Complications of Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: Evaluation of 19,826 Consecutive Patients. Radiology, 243, 812-819. <br>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2433060536Müller, M., Hermes, M., Brückmann, H., et al. (1995) Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Collateral Blood Flow in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: Correlation with Cerebral Angiography. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 16, 195-202.Li, L., Ke, Z., Tong, K.Y., et al. (2010) Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rats by Using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 36, 595-603.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.01.005Hoksbergen, A.W., Fulesdi, B., Legate, D.A., et al. (2000) Collateral Configuration of the Circle of Willis: Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Ultrasonography and Comparison with Postmortem Anatomy. Stroke, 31, 1346-1351.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.6.1346Gasparotti, R., Grassi, M., Mardighian, D., et al. (2009) Perfusion CT in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Treated with Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis: Predictive Value of Infarct Core Size on Clinica Outcome. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30, 722-727. <br>https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1439Kaschka, I.N., Kloska, S.P., Struffertt, et al. (2016) Clotburden and Collaterals in Anterior Circulation Stroke: Differences between Single-Phase CTA and Multi-Phase 4D-CTAUJ. Clinical Neuroradiology, 26, 309-315.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-014-0359-6赵婷婷, 李国忠, 钟镝, 陈洪苹. 脑侧支循环影像学评价研究进展[J]. 中国卒中杂志, 2018, 13: 516-520.Koga, M., Kimura, K., Minematsu, K., et al. (2002) Relationship between Findings of Conventional and Contrasten Hanced Transcranial Color-Coded Real-Time Sonography and Angiography in Patients with Basilar Artery Occlusion. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 23, 568-571.Stolz, E., Mendes, I., Gerriets, T., et al. (2002) Assessment of Intracranial Collateral Flow by Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography Using a Temporal and Frontal Axial Insonation Plane. Journal of Neuroimaging, 12, 136-143. <br>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2002.tb00110.xParsons, M.W., Pepper, E.M., Bateman, C.A., et al (2007) Indentification of the Penumbra and Infarct Core on Hyperacute Non-Contrast and Perfusion CT. Neurology, 68, 730-736. <br>https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000256366.86353.ffCalamante, F., Thomas, D.L., Pell, G.S., et al. 1999) Measuring Cerebral Blood Flow Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 19, 701-735.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199907000-00001Chalela, J.A., Alosp, D.C., Gonzalez-Atavales, J.B., et al. (2000) Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling L. Stroke, 31, 680-687.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.3.680Kamano, H., Yoshiura, T., Hiwatashi, A., et al. (2013) Arterial Spin Labeling in Patients with Chronic Cerebral Artery Steno-Occlusive Disease: Correlation with 150-PET. Acta Radiologica, 54, 99-106.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1258/ar.2012.120450Sobesky, J., Zaro, W., Lehnhardt, F.G., et al. (2005) Dose the Mismatch Match the Penumbra? Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography in Early Ischemic Stroke. Stroke, 36, 980-985.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000160751.79241.a3Rohl, L., Ostergaard, L., Simonsen, C.Z., et al. (2001) Viability Thresholds of Ischemic Penumbra of Hyperacute Stroke Defined by Perfusion-Weighted MRI and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient. Stroke, 32, 1140-1146.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1140王敏, 王宝军, 刘国荣, 李玮. 磁共振动脉自旋标记灌注成像技术及其评价缺血性卒中患者脑血流灌注的研究进展[J]. 中国脑血管杂志, 2013, 10: 277-280.Haga, S., Morioka, T., Shimogawa, T., et al. (2016) Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Image with Dual Postlabeling Delay: A Correlative Study with Acetazolamide Loading (123)I-Iodoamphetamine Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 25, 1-6.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.025de Havenon, A., Haynor, D.R., Tirschwell, D.L., et al. (2017) Association of Collateral Blood Vessels Detected by Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Neurological Outcome after Ischemic Stroke. JAMA Neurology, 74, 453-458. <br>https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4491Guo, L., Zhang, Q., Ding, L., et al. (2014) Pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling Quantifies Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Chronic Lacunar Stroke. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 125, 229-236. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.08.017Haller, S., Zaharchuk, G., Thomas, D.L., et al. (2016) Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion of the Brain: Emerging Clinical Applications. Radiology, 281, 337-356. <br>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016150789Yu, S., Liebeskind, D.S., Dua, S., et al. (2015) Postischemic Hyperperfusion on Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI Is Linked to Hemorrhagic Transformation in Stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 35, 630-637.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.238Wang, J., Alsop, D.C., Li, L., et al. (2002) Comparison of Quantitative Perfusion Imaging Using Arterial Spin Labeling at 1.5 and 4.0 Tesla. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 48, 242-254. <br>https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10211Dai, W., Garcia, D., de Bazelaire, C., et al. (2008) Continuous Flow-Driven Inversion for Arterial Spin Labeling Using Pulsed Radio Frequency and Gradient Fields. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 60, 1488-1497.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21790王素香, 王拥军, 朱明旺, 李伟, 牛松涛. 灌注及弥散磁共振成像在急性缺血性脑卒中的应用[J]. 中华神经科杂志, 2003, 36(2): 129-132.Ueda, T., Yuh, W.T. and Taoka, T. (1999) Clinical Application of Perfusion and Diffusion MR Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 10, 305-309.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(199909)10:3<305::AID-JMRI11>3.0.CO;2-1Neumann-Haefelin, T., Wittsack, H., Wenserski, F., et al. (1999) Diffusion and Perfusion-Weighted MRI. The DWI/PWI Mismatch Region in Acute Stroke. Stroke, 30, 1591-1597. <br>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.8.1591Beauchamp, N.J., Barker, P.B., Wang, P.Y., et al. (1999) Imaging of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Radiology, 212, 307-324. <br>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.212.2.r99au16307American Academy of Neurology (2000) Stroke—The First Hours, Guidelines for Acute Treatment. National Stroke Association, Englewood, 1-16.Nagano, H., Suzki, T., Hayashi, M., et al. (1992) Effects of a Human Urinar Kininogenase (SK-527) on Cerebral Microcirculation after Glass Bead Induced Cerebral Embolism in Rabbits. In Vivo, 6, 497-502.Emanueli, C. and Madeddu, P. (2004) Angiogenesis Therapy with Human Tissue Kallikrein for the Treatment of Ischemic Diseases. Archives des Maladies du Cœur et des Vaisseaux, 97, 679-687.丁德云, 吕传真, 丁美萍, 等. 人尿激肽原酶治疗急性脑梗死多中心随机双盲安慰剂对照试验[J]. 中华神经科杂志, 2007, 40(5): 306-310.周沐科, 何俐, 孔双艳, 等. 人尿激肽原酶治疗急性脑梗死的随机双盲对照试验[J]. 华西药学杂志, 2006, 21(4): 356-358.Liu, C.L., Liao, S.J., Zeng, J.S., et al. (2007) dl-3n-butylphthalide Pre-Stroke via Improvement of Cerebral Microvessels in RHRSP. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 260, 106-113. <br>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.025黄如训, 李常新, 陈立云, 等. 丁苯酞对实验性动脉血栓形成性脑梗死的治疗作用[J]. 中国新药杂志, 2005, 14(8): 985-988.殷建瑞, 张波, 谭丽华, 等. 丁苯酞对缺血缺糖条件下血管内皮细胞VEGF和HFla表达的影响[J]. 中国病理生理, 2011, 27(4): 643-647.王庆兵, 汪登斌. 含钆磁共振成像对比剂与肾源性系统性纤维化[J]. 诊断学理论与实践, 2007, 6(5): 463-466.Broome, D.R., Girguis, M.S., Baron, P.W., et al. (2007) Gadodiamide-Associated Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Why Radiologists Should Be Concerned. American Journal of Roentgenology, 188, 586-592.Grobner, T. (2006) Gadolinium-a Specific Trigger for the Development of Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 21, 1104-1108.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfk062Sadowski, E.A., Bennett, L.K., Chan, M.R., et al. (2007) Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Risk Factors and Incidence Estimation. Radiology, 243, 148-157. <br>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2431062144Marckmann, P., Skov, L., Rossen, K., et al. (2006) Nephrogenic System Icfibrosis: Suspected Causative Role of Gadodiamide Used for Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journals of the American Society of Nephrology, 17, 2359-2362. <br>https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006060601Evenepoel, P., Zeegers, M., Segaert, S., et al. (2004) NephIrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy: A Novel, Disabling Disorder in Patients with Renal Failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 19, 469-473.
<br>https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfg506Kuo, P.H., Kanal, E., Abu-Alfa, A.K., et al. (2007) Gadolinium-Based MR Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. Radiology, 242, 647-649. <br>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2423061640