本文主要回顾了物质主义的概念、测量、成因以及影响的相关研究。大多研究将物质主义看成是个人的一种价值观,但物质主义也存在情境性的特点。物质主义的测量主要采用问卷的形式,可以用内隐测量的方式来避免社会赞许性的问题。家庭因素、社会因素和心理不安全感是物质主义形成的关键因素。物质主义会对个体的消费行为、幸福感、社会态度和行为产生负面影响。未来可以在物质主义的干预措施、物质主义的积极效应等方面进行进一步研究。 This paper mainly reviews the concept, measurement, causes and influence of materialism. Most studies regard materialism as an individual value, but it also has situational characteristics. Mate-rialism is mainly measured by questionnaire, and we can use implicit measurement to avoid the problem of social desirability. Family factors, social factors and psychological insecurity are the key factors in the formation of materialism. Materialism has a negative impact on individual con-sumption behavior, happiness, social attitude and behavior. In the future, the intervention meas-ures of materialism and the positive effects of materialism can be further studied.
This paper mainly reviews the concept, measurement, causes and influence of materialism. Most studies regard materialism as an individual value, but it also has situational characteristics. Materialism is mainly measured by questionnaire, and we can use implicit measurement to avoid the problem of social desirability. Family factors, social factors and psychological insecurity are the key factors in the formation of materialism. Materialism has a negative impact on individual consumption behavior, happiness, social attitude and behavior. In the future, the intervention measures of materialism and the positive effects of materialism can be further studied.
此外,也有研究者编制了其他的物质主义量表,然而这些量表大多存在一些共同的问题:一是量表的跨文化的一致性问题。物质主义作为一种与文化相关的价值观,在不同文化背景下的含义和结构往往不尽相同。有研究以丹麦、法国和俄罗斯被试为样本,对物质主义价值观量表(MVS)进行了检验,并没有得到很高的跨文化一致性(Griffin et al., 2004) ,另有采用物质主义价值观量表和欲望指数量表对美国和韩国样本的研究也存在跨文化的不一致问题(Flynn et al., 2013)。因此,需要有更多的物质主义跨文化研究来解决这个问题。二是社会赞许性问题。物质主义在有些文化中与主流倡导的文化相背离,与功利主义和享乐主义联系在一起,被看作是消极的价值取向,物质主义自陈式测验的社会赞许性效应是一个不能忽视的问题。研究表明社会赞许性会对物质主义测量的结果产生影响(Mick, 1996; Solberg et al., 2004),这也是物质主义的测量中需要解决的一个问题。为了保证测量结果的准确性,在统计方法上,可以将社会赞许性作为协变量进行控制。另外,有研究者通过内隐的方法进行测量,如Kasser和Sheldon (2000)的研究采用了森林管理游戏来测量被试的物质主义,Chaplin和John (2007)通过拼贴画的形式研究了儿童和成人的物质主义,王予灵等(2016)利用单类内隐联想测验(SC-IAT)测量了被试的内隐物质主义态度等,这些方法可以减轻社会赞许性的影响,保证结果的有效性。在今后研究中,也可以进一步探讨有效的测量方法。
个体的不安全感会使他们把物质主义作为一种补偿策略来减少痛苦和焦虑。Kasser和Sheldon (2000)的实验发现在死亡凸显条件下的被试表现出了更高水平的物质主义。回忆起被同伴拒绝的经历会使青少年的物质主义水平更高(Jiang et al., 2015)。另有研究发现,采用奉承和请求的自我表现方式的个体,物质主义程度更高,这两种自我表现方式会使被试感受到更多的无助感和更少的力量感,因此他们更倾向于通过积累财物来消除这种不安全感(Christopher et al., 2005)。王予灵等(2016)在实验室情境中启动了个体的存在不安全感,结果发现,高存在不安全感组的个体内隐物质主义态度显著高于低存在不安全感组,物质主义是个体应对存在不安全感的一种策略,该策略可以满足个体寻求确认和控制的需要。
4. 物质主义的影响4.1. 物质主义与消费行为
研究发现个体的高物质主义与高消费有显著相关,尤其是消费有助于个体的地位和形象的建立时(Kasser, 2016)。高物质主义的个体在金钱管理方面更宽松,理财技能更差(Donnelly et al., 2013)。Dittmar等(2014)的元分析结果显示物质主义和强迫性消费间存在显著正相关,高物质主义的个体更难抑制自己的购买冲动。物质主义也与增加享乐主义、形象和地位的消费行为和态度间存在正相关,这些行为不仅经常涉及香烟、酒精等的消费,而且往往具有强烈的享乐主义成分。高物质主义者更关注地位,他们通常报告说想赚钱的原因是为了拥有比邻居更好的汽车和房子(Srivastava et al., 2001)。王洁等(2014)的元分析结果显示物质主义及其维度均对强迫性购物有预测作用。
张培培. 物质主义研究进展Research Progress on Materialism[J]. 心理学进展, 2020, 10(11): 1752-1759. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.1011204
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