商业道德是全球良知的重要组成部分,而商业道德敏感性是商业企业进行道德决策和做出道德行为的前提和基础,历来受到研究者的重视。本文对当前商业道德敏感性的现有研究进行了系统梳理。结果发现,当前商业领域道德敏感性形势并不乐观,影响商业道德敏感性的主要因素包括文化、组织氛围、情境因素。未来研究应该重视和完善测量工具、构建道德敏感性影响因素模型、拓展和改进研究方法、提升样本代表性和加强道德敏感性的教育与干预。 Business ethics is an important part of the global conscience, and moral sensitivity is the premise and basis for commercial enterprises to make moral decisions and make ethical behaviors. This paper systematically sorts out the current research on the business moral sensitivity. The results show that the current situation of moral sensitivity in the business field is not optimistic, and the main influencing factors of business moral sensitivity include culture, organizational climate and situational factors. Future research should pay more attention to develop more scientific measuring tools, construct models of influencing factors of moral sensitivity, expand research methods, improve sample representation, and strengthen the education and intervention research.
商业道德敏感性,现状,影响因素,商业道德敏感性的教育与干预, Business Moral Sensitivity
Status Quo
Influencing Factors
Education and Intervention of Business Moral Sensitivity
摘要
A Review of the Research on Business Moral Sensitivity<sup> </sup>
Yizhi Zhang, Lin Yu*
Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing
Received: Apr. 26th, 2022; accepted: May 20th, 2022; published: May 27th, 2022
ABSTRACT
Business ethics is an important part of the global conscience, and moral sensitivity is the premise and basis for commercial enterprises to make moral decisions and make ethical behaviors. This paper systematically sorts out the current research on the business moral sensitivity. The results show that the current situation of moral sensitivity in the business field is not optimistic, and the main influencing factors of business moral sensitivity include culture, organizational climate and situational factors. Future research should pay more attention to develop more scientific measuring tools, construct models of influencing factors of moral sensitivity, expand research methods, improve sample representation, and strengthen the education and intervention research.
Keywords:Business Moral Sensitivity, Status Quo, Influencing Factors, Education and Intervention of Business Moral Sensitivity
价值取向的研究有两个方向,一是Forsyth等(2008)的理想主义和相对主义。研究发现,相对主义与道德敏感性呈负相关,理想主义与道德敏感性呈正相关(Johari et al., 2017; Marta et al., 2007)。这是因为,高相对主义的个体倾向于根据情境随时改变自己的道德标准,而理想主义者侧重于人道主义,想要以绝对公平的方式对待所有人,所以他们会更敏感地识别出道德问题。但是,在Yetmar和Eastman (2000)对税务从业人员的研究中,相对主义与道德敏感性负相关的结果没有得到支持。二是从道德哲学角度将其分为功利主义和利己主义(乔学斌,2006)。Uyar等(2015)的研究发现,功利主义与道德意识呈正相关,利己主义与道德意识呈负相关。Kara等(2016)的研究也发现,功利主义者更容易识别不道德行为,利己主义更不容易识别不道德行为。
3.1.5. 人格
人格与道德敏感性存在相关。Kara等(2016)检验了大五人格和道德敏感性的关系,发现宜人性和情绪稳定性与道德敏感性正相关。另外,研究也发现,攻击性与道德敏感性负相关(Walsh et al., 2016);具有高马基雅维利主义的人,道德敏感性较低(Ross & Robertson, 2003; Triki, 2012)。
组织伦理氛围包括伦理标准和分析轨迹两个维度(Rachels, 1999; Solomon, 1992; Victor & Cullen, 2008)。Vansandt等(2006)发现,与使用利己主义伦理标准的组织相比,使用仁爱或原则伦理标准的组织会有更高水平的道德意识。使用利己主义伦理标准和个人分析轨迹相关的组织,其员工的道德意识水平将会是最低的。Dickerson (2009)对1300名美国加州注册会计师的问卷调查发现,组织伦理氛围与道德敏感性正相关,组织伦理氛围越高,道德敏感性就越强烈。Alteer等(2013)认为伦理氛围还会调节宗教信仰对道德敏感性的积极影响,高伦理氛围和高宗教信仰的个体会表现出最高水平的道德敏感性。Salamon和Mesko (2016)对四维伦理氛围的研究发现,伦理氛围中的“集体道德敏感性——共情能力”维度对支付纪律有积极影响,公司越缺乏关怀力,延迟付款给供应商的时间就越长。
领导风格,也是影响道德敏感性的重要因素。研究发现,员工的道德认知和道德行为与伦理型领导和变革型领导正相关(Effelsberg et al., 2014; Mayer et al., 2010; Mulla & Krishnan, 2011; Resick et al., 2013; Thomas et al., 2007; Tu et al., 2017; Zhang & Zhang, 2016b; Zhu et al., 2016),与交易型领导负相关(Caillier & Sa, 2016; Groves & Larocca, 2011; Zhu et al., 2011)。这是因为,伦理型领导有助于构建良好的组织伦理氛围(Mayer et al., 2010),变革型领导能够满足下属的需求和提升下属在组织更高层次的参与(Avolio & Bass, 2004),进而提升个体的道德敏感性。然而,交易型领导则是控制下属而非构建相互尊重的组织氛围(Avolio & Bass, 2004)。
张译支,余 林. 商业中的道德敏感性A Review of the Research on Business Moral Sensitivity[J]. 心理学进展, 2022, 12(05): 1765-1776. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2022.125211
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