感恩是24种积极人格力量之一,包括特质感恩与状态感恩两种形式,表现为一种愉悦而感激的单质情绪或情感。其次,感恩的引发包括人际感恩的引发与一般状态感恩的引发,其引发方法有情节剧本任务,人际互动任务,回忆列举任务等。此外,感恩的功能包括自利与利他两种功能,认知焦点转换假设解释了从自利到利他的功能联系。最后,感恩的测量可以分为特质感恩的测量与状态感恩的测量。
Gratitude including trait gratitude and state gratitude, is one of the 24 positive personality strengths, which is generally regarded as a simple emotion or affection. The triggering methods of interpersonal gratitude and general state gratitude include scenario task, interpersonal interaction task, and recall task, etc. In addition, the function of gratitude is beneficial to oneself and others, and the shift of cognitive focus hypothesis explains the functional relationship from oneself to others. Finally, the measurement of gratitude can be divided into the measurement of trait gratitude and the measurement of state gratitude.
感恩,认知焦点转换假设,感恩测量, Gratitude The Shift of Cognitive Focus Hypothesis The Measurement of Gratitude摘要 - beplay安卓登录
Gratitude including trait gratitude and state gratitude, is one of the 24 positive personality strengths, which is generally regarded as a simple emotion or affection. The triggering methods of interpersonal gratitude and general state gratitude include scenario task, interpersonal interaction task, and recall task, etc. In addition, the function of gratitude is beneficial to oneself and others, and the shift of cognitive focus hypothesis explains the functional relationship from oneself to others. Finally, the measurement of gratitude can be divided into the measurement of trait gratitude and the measurement of state gratitude.
Keywords:Gratitude, The Shift of Cognitive Focus Hypothesis, The Measurement of Gratitude
由上可知,感恩可以分为特质感恩与状态感恩。从感恩的引发上看,特质感恩是存在于个体自身的一类较稳定的特质情感,故而,特质感恩并非像状态情绪一样可以直接引发获得,而是需要一段时间的感恩干预,通过不断积累状态感恩情绪才能获得提升(Froh et al., 2014)。但是,个体的状态感恩则可以在一定情境下被激发。所以,此处主要讨论的是状态感恩的引发。
感恩的自利功能主要指感恩对个人心理与生理健康的促进。感恩与幸福感的关系是研究者探讨最多的主题之一。研究表明,感恩与主观幸福感具有较为稳定的(r = 0.41~0.68)相关关系(Watkins, 2014)。Wood,Joseph,Maltby (2008, 2009)的研究进一步发现,感恩对幸福感的预测在排除大五人格的影响后仍然能达到8% (主观幸福感),2%至6% (心理幸福感),均属于有效的递增效果。此外,在人际幸福感的研究中也发现,关系双方每日表达感恩有助于提升其关系满意度(Algoe et al., 2010)。感恩对心理健康作用不仅表现为促进因子,也表现为保护因子。研究表明,感恩对创伤后应激障碍,抑郁等消极心理具有拮抗作用(Liang et al., 2020;郑裕鸿,范方,喻承甫,罗廷琛,2011)。此外,感恩对个体的生理健康也有一定的促进作用。Emmons等人(2003)的干预研究发现,感恩组的被试躯体症状较少,且睡眠质量更好。类似的,Wood等人(2009)发现,感恩强的个体其睡眠质量越高,其中的关键在于感恩能让个体获得更多的积极认知。
对于感恩的自利功能,Fredrickson (2004)所提出的感恩拓展建构理论(Broaden-and-Build Theory of Gratitude)能够很好的对其进行解释。该理论认为,感恩能够拓宽个体的思维——行动倾向。具体而言,感恩可以帮助个体构建包括情绪资源、认知资源等多重内部资源。因此,个体不仅能够获得更多的精神福祉,而且在面对未知的挑战时也能较有准备的进行应对。更为重要的是,感恩对资源的拓展建构反过来还会促进感恩的提升,从而形成一个螺旋式递进的积极循环。所以这也是感恩对个体福祉的促进作用可持续的原因所在。
McCullough,Kilpatrick,Emmons与Larson等人(2001)年提出了经典的感恩道德情感理论(Moral Affect Theory of Gratitude),他们认为感恩是一种道德情感,具有道德温度计、道德强化与道德动机三种功能。该理论对感恩的利他功能进行了较好的诠释。当感恩被真正激发后,施受双方的行为均会受到感恩的“道德”力量而开始变化。对于受惠者来说,感恩的体验会激发其做出亲社会行为,而行为的对象可以是施恩者,也可以是第三方。对施助者来说,感恩的接受会强化其做出更多助人的行为。所以,感恩不仅能改变受惠者的行为,也能够强化施助者的行为,体现了一种二元功能。
梁宏宇. 何为感恩:概念、引发、功能理论及其测量What Is Gratitude: Concept, Causation, Functional Theory and Its Measurement[J]. 心理学进展, 2022, 12(11): 3865-3873. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2022.1211468
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