慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure, CHF)是多种心血管疾病的终末阶段,随着社会老龄化趋势,心衰的伤残调整生命年及医疗负担逐渐加重。在慢性心力衰竭病机中,线粒体功能障碍的作用日渐凸显,它不仅降低心肌细胞能量供应,也能诱发氧化应激导致的心肌细胞凋亡。中医学认为,脾气虚弱,气血乏源,心失所养可致慢性心衰;脾失运化,水湿内停,上犯凌心,亦可致心衰。总结发现“中医脾”与线粒体在概念、作用范围、功能特点方面有诸多联系。基于此,本文以“中医脾–线粒体”理论为切入点,分别从宏观、微观角度阐述脾虚在慢性心衰发展中的作用,提出用益气健脾法治疗心衰之本,以期为慢性心力衰竭的治疗提供理论支持,并为中医理论阐释线粒体功能障碍促进慢性心衰进展机制的现代研究奠定基础。 Chronic heart failure is the terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases. With the increase of aging population, the disability-adjusted life years and medical burden of heart failure are increasing. In the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an increasingly prominent role, which not only reduced the energy supply of cardiomyocytes, but also induced oxidative stress, which led to apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), “spleen deficiency” can lead to deficiency of “qi” and “blood”, which is the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure. It is found that the spleen of traditional Chinese medicine has many relations with mitochondria in concept, acting range, functional characteristics. So, in this paper, we will take the theory of “spleen-mitochondria in TCM” as the breakthrough point, elucidate the role of “spleen deficiency” in the development of chronic heart failure from the macro and micro angles, and put forward the treatment of heart failure by invigorating qi and invigorating spleen, in order to provide theoretical support for the treatment of chronic heart failure and lay the foundation for modern research on the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction promoting the progression of chronic heart failure by TCM theory.
慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure, CHF)是多种心血管疾病的终末阶段,随着社会老龄化趋势,心衰的伤残调整生命年及医疗负担逐渐加重。在慢性心力衰竭病机中,线粒体功能障碍的作用日渐凸显,它不仅降低心肌细胞能量供应,也能诱发氧化应激导致的心肌细胞凋亡。中医学认为,脾气虚弱,气血乏源,心失所养可致慢性心衰;脾失运化,水湿内停,上犯凌心,亦可致心衰。总结发现“中医脾”与线粒体在概念、作用范围、功能特点方面有诸多联系。基于此,本文以“中医脾–线粒体”理论为切入点,分别从宏观、微观角度阐述脾虚在慢性心衰发展中的作用,提出用益气健脾法治疗心衰之本,以期为慢性心力衰竭的治疗提供理论支持,并为中医理论阐释线粒体功能障碍促进慢性心衰进展机制的现代研究奠定基础。
“中医脾–线粒体”,脾虚,线粒体功能障碍,益气健脾法,慢性心力衰竭
Ying Dong1, Qiongli Zhen2*
1The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Hubei
2Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Hubei
Received: Oct. 8th, 2022; accepted: Nov. 17th, 2022; published: Nov. 28th, 2022
Chronic heart failure is the terminal stage of various cardiovascular diseases. With the increase of aging population, the disability-adjusted life years and medical burden of heart failure are increasing. In the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an increasingly prominent role, which not only reduced the energy supply of cardiomyocytes, but also induced oxidative stress, which led to apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), “spleen deficiency” can lead to deficiency of “qi” and “blood”, which is the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure. It is found that the spleen of traditional Chinese medicine has many relations with mitochondria in concept, acting range, functional characteristics. So, in this paper, we will take the theory of “spleen-mitochondria in TCM” as the breakthrough point, elucidate the role of “spleen deficiency” in the development of chronic heart failure from the macro and micro angles, and put forward the treatment of heart failure by invigorating qi and invigorating spleen, in order to provide theoretical support for the treatment of chronic heart failure and lay the foundation for modern research on the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction promoting the progression of chronic heart failure by TCM theory.
Keywords:“Spleen-Mitochondria in TCM”, Spleen Deficiency, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Spleen-Strengthening and Qi-Invigorating Therapy, Chronic Heart Failure
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慢性心力衰竭指在多种病理因素作用下,心肌收缩或舒张功能不全,心脏泵血能力下降,是多种心血管疾病的终末阶段 [
在20世纪80年代有学者首次提出“中医脾–线粒体”相关假说,认为中医理论中的“脾”并非现代医学中的脾脏,中医“脾”为一个系统,基本囊括了消化系统的功能,并与免疫功能、能量代谢等息息相关 [
线粒体通过营养物质的糖酵解、氧化磷酸化产生ATP,促进各项生命活动的进行,而中医脾为“后天之本”,将水谷精微化生为气,贯穿人体生长发育全过程。线粒体为全身代谢活动提供了必要的能量基础,若线粒体功能障碍则表现为机体代谢功能低下。中医学认为,线粒体功能障碍导致的能量产生不足、供应障碍、肌细胞收缩乏力等病理状态与中医的脾虚状态相对应。
脾胃为后天之本,脾虚失于运化,则气血化生不足,其产生的影响范围十分广泛,内可至各个脏腑、外可达筋肉腠理,《灵枢》曰:“其流溢之气,内溉脏腑,外濡腠理”。线粒体广泛分布于全身真核细胞内,为各个系统、器官的功能活动供应能量,这与中医脾脏功能范围广泛的特点相对应。
中医“气”的产生源于脾胃运化水谷,若水谷摄入不足,则“气”生成减少;若脾运化失常,“气”生成亦减少;两者最终均导致气虚,气虚日久渐为阳虚。而且气虚也会导致中医脾的功能下降,形成恶性循环。ATP的产生源于营养物质经线粒体三羧酸循环、氧化磷酸化代谢,若营养物质(水谷精微)供应不足,则ATP生成减少,若线粒体酶功能障碍(脾运化失常),则ATP生成亦减少 [
《素问·脏象别论》曰:“血者水谷之精也,源源而来,而实生化于脾”《灵枢·决气篇》曰:“中焦受气取汁,变化而赤是谓血”。脾生血依赖于其运化功能正常运行,这也是“脾为气血生化之源”的生理基础。现代医学中,血红素是血红蛋白的重要组分,由线粒体内琥珀酸单酰辅酶A与甘氨酸结合在酶的催化下生成原卟啉IX,原卟啉IX再与亚铁离子结合而生成 [
“脾在体合肉,主四肢”指四肢乃至全身肌肉在受到气血地充分滋养后才能强壮有力,这与脾胃运化功能密不可分。现代生物学阐释,骨骼肌细胞内含有丰富的线粒体,因为肌肉收缩是靠肌丝滑行来实现,而滑行过程需要水解ATP释放能量,形成横桥-ADP-Pi复合物,如此横桥可继续与新的位点结合,并通过钙离子的隔离、释放,横桥不断结合、解离,反复摆动,肌节缩短,发生肌肉收缩 [
心脏是一个能量需求旺盛的器官,心肌95% ATP来自线粒体的氧化代谢。一项研究利用31P磁共振波谱评估心脏能量状态,直接测量了正常人与心力衰竭患者心脏中肌酸激酶(creatine kinase, CK)反应的ATP通量,对比发现在轻度至中度心力衰竭患者中,通过CK反应的心脏ATP通量减少了50%,提示心力衰竭患者的心肌存在能量供应不足 [
线粒体内的各种代谢过程依赖于线粒体内膜上的酶蛋白催化,超过60%的线粒体蛋白含有乙酰化位点,线粒体蛋白的乙酰化/去乙酰化被认为是线粒体代谢和功能的关键调节因子,其中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD)依赖性去乙酰化酶3 (NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3, SIRT3)是主要的线粒体去乙酰化酶,参与调节脂肪酸氧化、三羧酸循环、电子传递链和氧化磷酸化的蛋白质活性 [
在衰竭心脏中,心肌细胞内的大部分活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)是由线粒体的电子传递链产生 [
心力衰竭是诸多心血管疾病的终末阶段,也是一个动态发展的过程。心衰前期主要为气虚,其不仅表现为心气不足,胸中宗气运转无力,也表现为正气亏虚,全身机能活动衰弱。心衰后期,气虚日久渐至阳虚,心阳虚无力鼓动血行,则络脉瘀滞,心阳虚失于蒸腾温煦,则水饮、痰浊内生。故心衰为本虚标实之病,本虚为心气虚、心阳虚,标实为水饮、痰浊、血瘀。
《素问·举痛论》曰:“百病皆生于气”,脾胃为后天之本,气血生化之源,《灵枢·邪客》曰:“五谷入于胃,其糟粕、津液、宗气分为三隧。”李东垣《脾胃论》曰:“夫饮食入胃,阳气上行,津液与气,入于心,贯于肺,充实皮毛,散于百脉。”说明脾胃运化水谷功能正常,则气血化源充足,则胸中宗气得以充实,血脉运行得以顺畅。此外,宗气居于胸中,心亦居于胸中,宗气可“贯心脉而行呼吸”,故心气的化生离不开宗气的灌注,心气的运行离不开宗气的推动。综上,脾胃的运化功能,与宗气、心气的生成密切相关,若脾虚失于运化,则气血生化乏源,致胸中宗气下陷、心气亏虚,出现心衰前期症候。
心衰后期,阳虚水泛,痰浊壅阻,水饮内停,瘀血内生。一方面因心气亏虚日久渐为阳虚,《景岳全书》“凡人之气血犹源泉也,盛则流畅,少则壅滞,故气血不虚则不滞,虚者无有不滞者”,心阳虚衰,无力鼓动血液运行则生瘀血,无力温煦水液蒸腾则生水饮,水饮积聚胸中,久而生为痰浊。另一方面,脾居于中焦,主运化水液,为津液输布之枢纽,若脾失运化,则水湿内停。“湿为阴邪,易袭阳位”,且心与脾在解剖位置上相邻,在五行上为母子之脏,沈金鳌《杂病源流犀烛》曰:“脾也者,心君储精待用之府也。赡运用,散精微,为胃行津液,故其位即在广明之下,与心紧切相承”,故脾胃停聚之水饮,易上凌心胸,痹阻阳气,出现心阳不振,血脉凝滞;日久聚而为痰,外阻筋肉,内阻脏腑,气血运行不畅乃生瘀血,表现为心衰后期症候。
现代医学发现,在脾虚患者中线粒体结构破坏和功能障碍的现象普遍存在,如刘友章等 [
孙思邈提出“心劳甚者,补脾气以益之,脾旺则感之于心矣”,脾气虚可导致心气不足及痰浊、水饮、瘀血的病理状态,故心力衰竭的治疗当以健脾益气为主,辅以化痰、祛瘀、逐水之药。邓铁涛教授曾提出“五脏中皆有脾气,而脾胃中亦有五脏之气”,慢性心衰的治疗离不开脾胃功能调节 [
患者,女,84岁,2021年6月21日初诊。主诉:乏力、纳差半月余。心脏彩超示:左室舒张末期内径56 mm、左室射血分数52%;既往有高血压3级、冠心病病史,曾行冠状动脉支架植入术。刻诊:肢体倦怠,纳食不佳,活动后气促,早醒,大便溏,双下肢轻度水肿,舌淡红边有齿痕、苔白腻,脉沉细。血压130/65 mmHg,心率83次/分,律齐。西医诊断:慢性充血性心力衰竭。中医诊断:心衰病,证属气虚痰凝证。中药处方:党参15 g,炒白术10 g,茯苓12 g,炙甘草6 g,桂枝6 g,泽泻10 g,陈皮6 g,法半夏9 g,焦山楂10 g,丹参10 g,酸枣仁20 g,制远志10 g,石菖蒲10 g,川芎6 g。水煎服,每日2剂,共14天。后患者定期复诊,诉乏力、纳差较前好转,仍有早醒,上方酸枣仁改为30 g,加合欢皮10 g,合欢花10 g,继续口服14剂。随诊半年,患者精神状态可,食欲增进,活动耐量较前提升。
按:本案患者高龄,脾气不足,无力运化水谷,则纳食不佳;气虚,全身机能减退则肢倦乏力;脾气虚弱,气血生化乏源,则心血不足,加之有冠心病、心衰基础病史,易出现血行瘀滞;心神不宁,则失眠;脾失运化,水液代谢功能失常,水饮停聚,阻碍胃肠蠕动,出现便溏。故用四君子汤化裁,共奏益气健脾之功。
本文基于“中医脾–线粒体”相关理论,从多个角度阐述“中医脾”与线粒体之间的联系,梳理了线粒体功能障碍在慢性心衰发展中的作用,指出了在病因病机上:脾虚为慢性心衰病机之本,并贯穿其发生发展的全过程,而线粒体产能下降、氧化应激等则是脾虚的微观体现;在治疗上:益气健脾中药对线粒体结构、功能有明显改善作用,对慢性心衰患者症状有明显缓解。综上,将“中医脾”与线粒体理论相联系,有望为中西医结合治疗慢性心衰提供新思路。
董 莹,郑琼莉. 基于“中医脾–线粒体”探讨益气健脾法治疗慢性心力衰竭Discussion on the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure by Spleen-Strengthening and Qi-Invigorating Therapy Based on the “Spleen-Mitochondria in TCM”[J]. 中医学, 2022, 11(06): 1293-1299. https://doi.org/10.12677/TCM.2022.116188
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