目的:探讨锥体束计算机断层扫描(CBCT) X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌调强放疗(IMRT)中的作用。方法:回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年6月于日照市人民医院放疗科行IMRT放疗的15例直肠癌患者的临床资料。病人治疗摆位完成后采用CBCT X射线图像引导获得扫描图像,与数字重建放射影像(DRR)进行匹配,得到3个方向的平移摆位误差和3个方向的旋转摆位误差,并进行统计分析,最后得出锥体束计算机断层扫描(CBCT) X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌调强放疗(IMRT)中的作用。结果:15例患者的位置验证均采用CBCT扫描,共获取375组X射线图像,分别与治疗计划DRR进行图像配准然后得出每次治疗的摆位误差。平移方向上Y (头、脚)方向的平移摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(2.245 ± 0.709) cm;X (左、右)方向次之,摆位误差为(0.623 ± 0.203) cm;Z (胸、背)方向最小,摆位误差为(0.492 ± 0.163) cm。旋转方向上RTN (左、右)方向的旋转摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(4.333 ± 1.121)˚;ROLL (胸、背)方向次之,摆位误差为(3.94 ± 0.809)˚;PITCH (头、脚)方向最小,摆位误差为(2.94 ± 1.195)˚。结论:患者治疗前先做CBCT X射线图像引导可观察到摆位误差之大,待修正之后再行放疗可以进一步减小摆位误差,提高放疗的精确度。 Objective: To investigate the role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray image-guided technique in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for rectal cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 15 patients with rectal cancer who underwent IMRT radiotherapy in the radiotherapy depart-ment of Rizhao People’s Hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. After the patient’s treatment positioning was completed, the CBCT X-ray image guidance was used to obtain the scanning image, which was matched with the digital reconstruction radiography (DRR) to obtain the translation positioning error in three directions and the rotation positioning error in three directions, and statistical analysis was performed. Finally, the role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray image guidance technology in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for rectal cancer was obtained. Results: CBCT scan was used to verify the position of 15 patients. A total of 375 sets of X-ray images were obtained, which were registered with the treatment plan DRR respectively, and then the setup error of each treatment was obtained. In the translation direction, the translation positioning error in the Y (head and foot) direction was the largest, and the posi-tioning error was (2.245 ± 0.709) cm. The X (left and right) direction was the second, and the setup error was (0.623 ± 0.203) cm. The Z (chest and back) direction was the smallest, and the positioning error was (0.492 ± 0.163) cm. In the rotation direction, the rotation positioning error in the RTN (left and right) direction was the largest, and the positioning error is (4.333 ± 1.121) degrees. The ROLL (chest and back) direction was the second, and the setup error was (3.94 ± 0.809) degrees. The direction of PITCH (head and foot) was the smallest, and the positioning error was (2.94 ± 1.195) degrees. Conclusions: CBCT X-ray image guidance before treatment can observe the large setup error. Radiotherapy after correction can further reduce the setup error and improve the ac-curacy of radiotherapy.
目的:探讨锥体束计算机断层扫描(CBCT) X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌调强放疗(IMRT)中的作用。方法:回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年6月于日照市人民医院放疗科行IMRT放疗的15例直肠癌患者的临床资料。病人治疗摆位完成后采用CBCT X射线图像引导获得扫描图像,与数字重建放射影像(DRR)进行匹配,得到3个方向的平移摆位误差和3个方向的旋转摆位误差,并进行统计分析,最后得出锥体束计算机断层扫描(CBCT) X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌调强放疗(IMRT)中的作用。结果:15例患者的位置验证均采用CBCT扫描,共获取375组X射线图像,分别与治疗计划DRR进行图像配准然后得出每次治疗的摆位误差。平移方向上Y (头、脚)方向的平移摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(2.245 ± 0.709) cm;X (左、右)方向次之,摆位误差为(0.623 ± 0.203) cm;Z (胸、背)方向最小,摆位误差为(0.492 ± 0.163) cm。旋转方向上RTN (左、右)方向的旋转摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(4.333 ± 1.121)˚;ROLL (胸、背)方向次之,摆位误差为(3.94 ± 0.809)˚;PITCH (头、脚)方向最小,摆位误差为(2.94 ± 1.195)˚。结论:患者治疗前先做CBCT X射线图像引导可观察到摆位误差之大,待修正之后再行放疗可以进一步减小摆位误差,提高放疗的精确度。
调强放疗,锥体束计算机断层扫描,X射线图像引导,直肠癌
Ping Liu1,2, Yufeng Li2, Chengcheng Chen3, Tao Zhao4*
1School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong
2Department of Radiotherapy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao Shandong
3Department of Radiology, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao Shandong
4Central Laboratory, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao Shandong
Received: Sep. 11th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 5th, 2023; published: Oct. 12th, 2023
Objective: To investigate the role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray image-guided technique in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for rectal cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 15 patients with rectal cancer who underwent IMRT radiotherapy in the radiotherapy department of Rizhao People’s Hospital from January 2022 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. After the patient’s treatment positioning was completed, the CBCT X-ray image guidance was used to obtain the scanning image, which was matched with the digital reconstruction radiography (DRR) to obtain the translation positioning error in three directions and the rotation positioning error in three directions, and statistical analysis was performed. Finally, the role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray image guidance technology in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for rectal cancer was obtained. Results: CBCT scan was used to verify the position of 15 patients. A total of 375 sets of X-ray images were obtained, which were registered with the treatment plan DRR respectively, and then the setup error of each treatment was obtained. In the translation direction, the translation positioning error in the Y (head and foot) direction was the largest, and the positioning error was (2.245 ± 0.709) cm. The X (left and right) direction was the second, and the setup error was (0.623 ± 0.203) cm. The Z (chest and back) direction was the smallest, and the positioning error was (0.492 ± 0.163) cm. In the rotation direction, the rotation positioning error in the RTN (left and right) direction was the largest, and the positioning error is (4.333 ± 1.121) degrees. The ROLL (chest and back) direction was the second, and the setup error was (3.94 ± 0.809) degrees. The direction of PITCH (head and foot) was the smallest, and the positioning error was (2.94 ± 1.195) degrees. Conclusions: CBCT X-ray image guidance before treatment can observe the large setup error. Radiotherapy after correction can further reduce the setup error and improve the accuracy of radiotherapy.
Keywords:Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, X-Ray Image Guidance, Rectal Cancer
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
目前大约有2/3以上的恶性肿瘤在抗肿瘤综合治疗中应用放疗 [
回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年6月于日照市人民医院放疗科行IMRT治疗的15例直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中男性11例,女性4例;年龄在30~79周岁,平均年龄为58岁。
纳入标准:所有入组病历皆是手术后病理确诊;卡氏功能状态(Karnofsky performance status, KPS)评分 ≥ 80分;实验室检查显示血常规、肝肾功能、心肺功能正常;入组前未行放疗。
排除标准:完全性肠梗阻;恶病质等不能耐受放射治疗;既往已做盆腔高剂量照射;有其他放疗禁忌证。
定位方法:患者仰卧于体架板上,选用E型头枕,双臂自然放于身体两侧,采用体膜热塑膜固定 [
靶区、危及器官的确定:患者的肿瘤靶区(Gross tumor volume, GTV)、临床靶区(Clinical target volume, CTV)首先由本院肿瘤科一位主治大夫勾画后再经主任医师审核后方可通过,外放原则是将CTV和GTV在前后(AP)、左右(LR)四个方向均匀外放7 mm,头脚方向均匀外放10 mm,获得计划临床靶区(Plan clinical target volume, PCTV),并视周围相邻组织实际情况适当调整。危及器官(Organs at risk, OARs)包括股骨头、膀胱等,且危及器官的勾画均依据国际辐射单位与测量委员会(International commission on radiation units and measurements, ICRU) 83号文件规定完成。
放疗设备与计划设计:加速器为瓦里安Vital Beam医用直线加速器,放疗计划系统采用瓦里安公司Eclipse 15版本,剂量计算为AAA算法。IMRT计划采用固定野出束照射方式,剂量率为600 MU/min。入组病例均治疗25分次,PCTV的处方剂量为50 Gy/25F的方式放疗,1次/d,5 d/周。PCTV需要达到95%以上体积满足处方剂量进行剂量归一。参照ICRU 83号文件规定,通过剂量体积直方图(Dose-volume histogram, DVH)和剂量分布来评估计划。股骨头受照50 Gy的体积占全体积百分比 < 5%,膀胱受照50 Gy的体积占全体积百分比 < 50%。治疗计划设计完成且经医生审核后由物理师通过工作站将治疗计划和治疗部位的数字重建放射影像(Digitally reconstructured radiograph, DRR)分别传给治疗加速器(Vital Beam)和CBCT X射线图像引导系统。
治疗位置验证利用CBCT系统完成,首次治疗由医师、物理师、技师共同参与,患者体位和固定装置与模拟定位时相同,摆位完成后采用CBCT X射线图像引导系统获得扫描图像,与DRR进行匹配,得出3个平移方向和3个旋转方向的摆位误差。图像采集参数:机架顺时针或逆时针旋转360˚扫描(角度:−180˚~180˚或180˚~−180˚)或任意200˚的自选角度方式扫描,选用系统自带的匹配模板。
图像配准方式采用基于灰度的自动配准,可以避免因个人水平差异引起的误差。图像配准范围包括GTV、周边骨性结构及重要的危及器官。摆位误差方向定义为平移方向X (左、右)、Y (头、脚)、Z (胸、背);旋转方向为RTN (左、右)、PITCH (头、脚)、ROLL (胸、背)。
采用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行数据分析,计量资料以 表示。
15例患者的位置验证均采用CBCT扫描,共获取375组X射线图像,分别与治疗计划DRR图像配准得出每次治疗的摆位误差。Y (头、脚)方向的平移摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(2.245 ± 0.709) cm;X (左、右)方向次之,摆位误差为(0.623 ± 0.203) cm;Z (胸、背)方向最小,摆位误差为(0.492 ± 0.163) cm,见表1。
方向 | 系统误差 | 随机误差 | 误差极值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
最大值 | 最小值 | |||
X (左、右) | 0.623 | 0.203 | 1.02 | 0.28 |
Y (头、脚) | 2.245 | 0.709 | 3.6 | 1.17 |
Z (胸、背) | 0.492 | 0.163 | 1.02 | 0.35 |
表1. X、Y、Z方向的摆位误差(cm)
RTN (左、右)方向的旋转摆位误差最大,摆位误差为(4.333 ± 1.121)˚;ROLL (胸、背)方向次之,摆位误差为(3.94 ± 0.809)˚;PITCH (头、脚)方向最小,摆位误差为(2.94 ± 1.195)˚。见表2。
方向 | 系统误差 | 随机误差 | 误差极值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
最大值 | 最小值 | |||
Pitch (头、脚) | 2.94 | 1.195 | 5.3 | 0.8 |
Roll (胸、背) | 3.94 | 0.809 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
Rtn (左、右) | 4.333 | 1.121 | 7.1 | 3.1 |
表2. PITCH、ROLL、RTN方向的摆位误差(˚)
放射治疗对直肠癌术后,可以起到延缓复发或减少复发的作用。对于未行手术的直肠癌,可以通过放射治疗使肿瘤缩小得到控制,使患者生存时间延长。只有一期的直肠癌手术后不需要特殊治疗,对于二期三期直肠癌都需要进行放射治疗。还可以联合化疗增加疗效。大约有近70%肿瘤患者在治疗过程中需进行放射性治疗,约40%肿瘤患者经过放射性治疗即可痊愈。因此放疗在肿瘤治疗中的地位已经接近肿瘤外科手术,较为重要。且放疗同外科手术比较,具有风险小、副作用小、后遗症出现几率较少等优势,而且放疗对手术困难患者也有很好的效果。
随着医学影像学、放射物理学的发展和计算机技术的进步,IMRT作为一种早在20世纪70年代就被提出的技术应用至今已经非常成熟,尤其在直肠癌临床放疗剂量学、摆位误差方面优势明显。与常规放疗技术相比在靶区适形度和剂量上均有明显优势,可以提高靶区的生物学效应,因而散射线和低剂量分布的体积也更少,可以更好地保护正常组织及危及器官。IMRT在靶区平均剂量(PTVD mean)、靶区最小剂量(PTVD min)、靶区最大剂量(PTVD max)、靶区适形指数(CI)及靶区均匀指数(HI)均高于3D-CRT [
肿瘤放疗关注的焦点是精准放疗,摆位过程中患者体位的重复性与一致性是影响放疗精确度及疗效的关键因素之一 [
本次研究仅参照热塑膜上的标记线借助激光灯完成摆位,纠正摆位误差后发现平移方向摆位误差以Y (头、脚)方向较大,旋转方向的误差以RTN (左、右)方向较大。分析引起误差较大的原因可能与患者体型发生变化、皮肤松弛、身体正中轴线的扭曲、膀胱充盈程度、热塑膜变形等有关。另外,摆位误差还受到扫描技术、配准方式、定位标记线清晰度等的影响;同时技师摆位的严谨性、规范性也尤为重要 [
综上所述,CBCT X射线图像引导技术运用于直肠癌IMRT的摆位验证中可以明显减小摆位误差,提高放疗的精确度。因此使用CBCT X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌的IMRT放疗中是非常必要的。建议最好每次放疗之前先行CBCT X射线图像引导进行摆位验证。
泰山学者青年专家(tsqn202211380),国家自然科学基金(82002083)、山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020QH004)。
刘 平,李玉锋,陈成成,赵 涛. CBCT X射线图像引导技术在直肠癌IMRT放疗中的应用Application of CBCT X-Ray Image-Guided Technique in IMRT Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 15864-15869. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102217