目的:探究补骨脂不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的调控作用及肾毒性。方法:肌肉注射氢化可的松诱导肾阳虚模型,给药治疗15 d,ELISA法测定血清中的17-OHCS、CRH、ACTH、CORT含量,HE染色法观察肾上腺组织病变、形态;ELISA法测定血清及24 h尿液中Kim-1含量,HE染色法观察肾脏组织病理形态。结果:与模型组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组大鼠体重均增加,但无显著性差异(P > 0.05);补骨脂炮制品各组大鼠肝指数、血清中的17-OHCS、CORT水平均高于模型组(P < 0.05),肾上腺组织炎症病变得到不同程度的改善;酒制组的肾指数、肾上腺指数和盐炙组的肾指数显著高于模型组(P < 0.05);盐炙组的肾上腺指数高于模型组,但无显著性差异(P > 0.05);与空白组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组肾小管轻微扩张,酒制品病变较为严重;补骨脂生品组血液Kim-1水平显著高于空白组(P < 0.05);补骨脂炮制品组中的血液、尿液Kim-1水平(除盐炙组血液Kim-1外)显著高于空白组(P < 0.05)。结论:补骨脂不同炮制品均能改善大鼠肾阳虚症状,调控HPA轴,但具体作用机制有一定差异;补骨脂不同炮制品仍保留有一定的肾毒性,但盐炙补骨脂毒性较低。 Objective: To investigate the regulation of HPA axis and nephrotoxicity of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus in rats with kidney-yang deficiency. Methods: Hydrocortisone was injected intramuscularly to create a model of kidney-yang deficiency, and the drug was administered for 15 d. ELISA was used to determine the content of 17-OHCS, CRH, ACTH, and CORT in serum, and HE staining was used to observe the adrenal tissue lesions and morphology; ELISA was used to determine the content of Kim-1 in serum and 24 h urine, and HE staining was used to observe the renal histopathology and morphology. Results: Compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus increased, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); the liver index and serum levels of 17-OHCS and CORT of the rats in each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus were higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05), and the inflammatory lesions of the adrenal tissues were improved on different degrees; the renal index and adrenal index of the wine-made group and the renal index of salt-roasted group were significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); the adrenal index of the salt-roasted group was higher than that of the model group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); compared with the blank group, the renal tubules of each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus were slightly dilated, and the lesions of the wine product were more serious; the blood Kim-1 level of the tonic fat group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P < 0.05); blood and urine Kim-1 levels (except for blood Kim-1 in the salt-roasted group) were significantly higher than those of the blank group in the processed products of Psoraleae Fructus (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus can improve the symptoms of kidney-yang deficiency and regulate the HPA axis in rats, but the specific mechanism of action has some differences; different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus still retain a certain degree of nephrotoxicity, but the toxicity of salt-roasted tonic bone resin is lower.
目的:探究补骨脂不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的调控作用及肾毒性。方法:肌肉注射氢化可的松诱导肾阳虚模型,给药治疗15 d,ELISA法测定血清中的17-OHCS、CRH、ACTH、CORT含量,HE染色法观察肾上腺组织病变、形态;ELISA法测定血清及24 h尿液中Kim-1含量,HE染色法观察肾脏组织病理形态。结果:与模型组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组大鼠体重均增加,但无显著性差异(P > 0.05);补骨脂炮制品各组大鼠肝指数、血清中的17-OHCS、CORT水平均高于模型组(P < 0.05),肾上腺组织炎症病变得到不同程度的改善;酒制组的肾指数、肾上腺指数和盐炙组的肾指数显著高于模型组(P < 0.05);盐炙组的肾上腺指数高于模型组,但无显著性差异(P > 0.05);与空白组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组肾小管轻微扩张,酒制品病变较为严重;补骨脂生品组血液Kim-1水平显著高于空白组(P < 0.05);补骨脂炮制品组中的血液、尿液Kim-1水平(除盐炙组血液Kim-1外)显著高于空白组(P < 0.05)。结论:补骨脂不同炮制品均能改善大鼠肾阳虚症状,调控HPA轴,但具体作用机制有一定差异;补骨脂不同炮制品仍保留有一定的肾毒性,但盐炙补骨脂毒性较低。
补骨脂,炮制,肾阳虚,HPA轴,肾毒性
Tingqian Zhang1, Jun Li2*, Wenqi Wang1, Yichun Sun3, Liyan Zhang4, Huixin Li3, Bei Huang5, Jiajun Xiang3
1School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
2Resource Institute for Chinese & Ethnic Material Medica, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
3Sinopharm Group Tongjitang (Guizhou) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guiyang Guizhou
4Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
5Center for Drug Inspection, Guizhou Medical Products Administration, Guiyang Guizhou
Received: Jul. 25th, 2023; accepted: Jul. 31st, 2023; published: Nov. 9th, 2023
Objective: To investigate the regulation of HPA axis and nephrotoxicity of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus in rats with kidney-yang deficiency. Methods: Hydrocortisone was injected intramuscularly to create a model of kidney-yang deficiency, and the drug was administered for 15 d. ELISA was used to determine the content of 17-OHCS, CRH, ACTH, and CORT in serum, and HE staining was used to observe the adrenal tissue lesions and morphology; ELISA was used to determine the content of Kim-1 in serum and 24 h urine, and HE staining was used to observe the renal histopathology and morphology. Results: Compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus increased, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); the liver index and serum levels of 17-OHCS and CORT of the rats in each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus were higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05), and the inflammatory lesions of the adrenal tissues were improved on different degrees; the renal index and adrenal index of the wine-made group and the renal index of salt-roasted group were significantly higher than those of the model group (P < 0.05); the adrenal index of the salt-roasted group was higher than that of the model group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); compared with the blank group, the renal tubules of each group of different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus were slightly dilated, and the lesions of the wine product were more serious; the blood Kim-1 level of the tonic fat group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P < 0.05); blood and urine Kim-1 levels (except for blood Kim-1 in the salt-roasted group) were significantly higher than those of the blank group in the processed products of Psoraleae Fructus (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus can improve the symptoms of kidney-yang deficiency and regulate the HPA axis in rats, but the specific mechanism of action has some differences; different processed products of Psoraleae Fructus still retain a certain degree of nephrotoxicity, but the toxicity of salt-roasted tonic bone resin is lower.
Keywords:Psoraleae Fructus, Processed, Kidney-Yang Deficiency, HPA Axis, Nephrotoxicity
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补骨脂为豆科植物补骨脂Psoralea corylifolia L.的成熟果实,其性温,味辛、苦,归肾、脾经,具有温肾助阳、纳气平喘、温脾止泻等功效,临床主要用于肾阳虚证、肾虚作喘、五更泄泻 [
氢化可的松注射液(国药集团容生制药有限公司,批号:2106203);金匮肾气丸(北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司制药厂,批号:11020147);无水乙醇(AR级)(成都海兴化工试剂厂,批号:GB678-90);二甲苯(AR级) (天津市致远化学试剂有限公司,批号:20200110);苏木素染液(珠海贝索生物技术有限公司,批号:C200301);伊红染液(珠海贝索生物技术有限公司,批号:C200403);盐酸(AR级) (成都市科龙化工试剂厂,批号:20200118);中性树胶(Biosharp生物公司,批号:69120060 BL704A);促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(批号:RA20428/20211210);促肾上腺皮质激素(批号:RA20014/20211210);皮质酮(批号:RA20748/20211210);肾损伤因子-1 (批号:RA20306);17-羟皮质类固醇(批号:RA20057);ELISA试剂盒(武汉贝茵莱生物科技有限公司)。补骨脂购自国药集团同济堂(贵州)制药有限公司,经贵州中医药教研室王波老师鉴定,为豆科草本植物补骨脂Psoralea corylifolia L.干燥成熟果实。
SPF级SD大鼠,雄性,体重200 ± 20 g,购自于长沙市天勤生物技术有限公司,许可证号:Scxk (湘) 2019-0014。
数字切片扫描仪(Pannoramic 250, 3DHISTECH (Hungary));转轮式切片机(徕卡-2016,德国);JT-12S自动组织脱水机(武汉俊杰电子有限公司);BMJ-A型包埋机(常州郊区中威电子仪器厂);RS36型全自动染色机(常州派斯杰医疗设备有限公司);PHY-III型病理组织漂烘仪(常州市中威电子仪器有限公司);正置荧光显微镜(DM500,德国徕卡);成像系统(德国徕卡);RE-2000B型旋转蒸发仪(上海亚荣生化仪器厂)。
补骨脂生品:取适量药材,分别用10倍、8倍70%乙醇提取2次,每次提取1 h,残渣再用该方法用水提取2次,每次1 h,醇提取液回收乙醇后与水提液合并,浓缩,加适量吐温80,制成0.5 g/mL的药液,作为供试品溶液 [
补骨脂清炒品:取500 g生品,文火(约120℃)炒至膨胀、迸裂、有香气溢出,放凉,得到清炒品饮片 [
补骨脂盐炙品:每100 g补骨脂中加入2.65 g食盐,164℃下加热炒制15 min。所得饮片按“补骨脂生品溶液”的制备方法制备提取液,即为补骨脂盐炙品溶液。
补骨脂酒制品:每100 g补骨脂中加入17 g黄酒,169℃下加热炒制9 min [
金匮肾气丸:将金匮肾气丸粉碎,粉末加蒸馏水制成浓度为0.3 g/mL的混悬液,即为金匮肾气丸溶液。
70只雄性SD大鼠,适应性喂养一周后,随机分为7组:即为空白组、模型组、阳性组(金匮肾气丸)、补骨脂生品组、清炒组、酒制组、盐炙组,每组10只。除空白组外,每天上午各组均按25 mg/kg剂量肌肉注射氢化可的松进行造模,自由饮水,饮食,连续14天 [
实验期间每周称量一次大鼠体重。观察并记录大鼠的外观、行为、精神、粪便情况等。
末次给药前一天,将大鼠放置于代谢笼中,禁食,不禁水,收集24 h尿液。末次给药1 h后,称定大鼠体重。腹腔注射10%水合氯醛溶液进行麻醉,腹主动脉采血。取出肝、肾、肾上腺、胸腺、睾丸,称湿重并计算其脏器指数(脏器指数 = 脏器重量/动物体重 ´ 100%);血样放置30 min后,3000 r∙min−1离心10 min,取上层血清,放置−80℃保存。采用ELISA检测血清中的17-羟皮质类固醇(17-OHCS)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)、促进垂体分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇(CORT)、肾损伤分子-1 (Kim-1)和尿液Kim-1中的含量。
分别将取样取出的肾脏、肾上腺组织在使用生理盐水冲洗后,迅速置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中,固定、脱水、修剪、包埋、切片,制得石蜡切片后,观察肾脏、肾上腺组织病理改变。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据处理。结果均用( X ¯ ± S)表示,当方差齐性时,采用ANOVA分析,采用LSD检验;当方差不齐时,采用Welch分析,Tamhane’s T2检验。P < 0.05被认为差异具有统计学意义。
为了解不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的影响,对大鼠的一般情况进行研究。造模后,与空白组相比,其余各组大鼠逐渐出现肾阳虚症状,主要变现为弓背蜷缩,精神萎顿,毛发萎黄,无光泽,行动力差,体重减轻,软便,严重时出现便溏等。经给药干预后,与模型组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组和阳性组大鼠精神状态均有所好转,活跃度明显增加,毛发顺滑有光泽,体重均上升,排便情况及粪便状态转好。模型组大鼠在停止注射氢化可的松后状态仍未好转,呈造模后状态,体重较之前有所上升,仍低于其余组。体重变化结果如图1。
图1. 不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠体重的影响(n = 7)
为了解不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的影响,对大鼠脏器指数进行研究,结果如图2。与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肝指数、肾指数、肾上腺指数和胸腺指数无显著性差异(P > 0.05),睾丸指数显著上升(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比,补骨脂炮制品各组的肝指数、酒制组的肾、肾上腺指数和盐炙组的肾指数显著升高(P < 0.05);盐炙组肾上腺指数高于模型组,但无显著性差异(P > 0.05);炮制品各组胸腺指数较模型组无显著性改变(P < 0.05);炮制品各组与阳性组的睾丸指数显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。说明补骨脂不同炮制品能改善肾阳虚大鼠脏器受抑制情况,改善程度不同。
为了解不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的影响,对大鼠HPA轴相关激素进行研究,结果如图3。与空白组相比,模型组大鼠血清中的17-OHCS、CRH、ACTH、CORT含量显著降低(P < 0.05),说明肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴受抑制,发生紊乱。与模型组相比,生品组大鼠血清中的17-OHCS、ACTH、CORT含量显著升高(P < 0.05);清炒组、酒制组和盐炙组大鼠血清中的17-OHCS、CORT含量显著高于模型组(P < 0.05);阳性组的CRH、ACTH、CORT含量极显著高于模型组(P < 0.01)。说明补骨脂不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA有不同程度的调控作用。
图2. 不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠脏器指数的影响(n = 7)
图3. 不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴相关激素的影响(n = 7)
为了解不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的影响,对大鼠肾上腺病理变化情况进行研究,结果如图4。空白组大鼠肾上腺皮质和髓质结构正常,皮质由外向内分为球状带、束状带、网状带,均未见明显病理性改变。与空白组相比,模型组球状带细胞纤维细胞增生明显,细胞水肿,大量炎性细胞浸润;束状带出现脂滴细胞被溶解呈空泡状,细胞纤维组织增生围绕,见细胞体积略大而透明,为细胞性水肿,见炎性细胞浸润。各给药治疗组的肾上腺组织病变均有一定的改善,但仍出现球状带水肿,炎性细胞浸润,束状带细胞纤维组织增生,水肿,炎性细胞浸润等病理变化。
图4. 各组大鼠肾上腺的病变情况(HE, ×200)
为了解不同炮制品对大鼠肾毒性的影响,对大鼠肾脏组织病变情况进行研究,结果如图5。空白组大鼠肾脏组织被膜较为完整;皮质与髓质分界较为清晰,肾小球、肾小管、髓质集合管结构较为完整,未见明显病理改变。与空白组相比,模型组部分肾小球基底膜轻微增厚;肾小管上皮细胞出现细胞空泡变性,胞质空泡化,细胞肿胀,胞核肿大或肾小管扩张,肾小管上皮细胞呈扁平状;间质内见少量炎性细胞浸润,见少量纤维组织增生。阳性组大鼠肾脏组织未见明显病理改变,肾脏形态类似。除生品组外,其他炮制品组肾脏组织出现不同程度的病变,其中,清炒组和盐炙品组出现部分肾小管轻微扩张,酒制品组出现部分肾小管轻微扩张,部分肾小管上皮细胞由柱状变为扁平。
图5. 各组大鼠肾脏的病变情况(HE, ×400)
为了解不同炮制品对大鼠肾毒性的影响,对大鼠血清、尿液Kim-1含量进行研究,结果如图6。与空白组相比:模型组、盐炙组和阳性组大鼠血清Kim-1含量无显著性差异(P > 0.05),生品组、清炒组和酒制组大鼠血清Kim-1含量均上升(P < 0.05),大鼠血清Kim-1浓度排序为清炒组 > 生品组 > 酒制组;模型组和生品组大鼠尿液Kim-1含量无显著性差异(P > 0.05),清炒组、酒制组、盐炙组和阳性组大鼠尿液Kim-1含量显著升高(P < 0.05),大鼠尿液Kim-1浓度排序为酒制组 > 清炒组 > 盐炙组 = 阳性组。与盐炙组相比:生品组和清炒组大鼠血清Kim-1含量显著升高(P < 0.05);酒制组尿液Kim-1含量显著高于盐炙组(P < 0.05)。
图6. 大鼠血清Kim-1、尿液Kim-1含量检测结果(n = 7)
肾阳虚证是中医证候的重点研究之一,现代研究发现,肾阳虚证与神经内分泌免疫系统(NEIS)紧密相关,即与下丘脑–垂体–靶腺(肾上腺皮质、甲状腺、性腺和胸腺)轴功能紊乱有关 [
长期或大量服用补骨脂生品对机体有一定的肾毒性 [
综上所述,补骨脂不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠的HPA轴具有一定的调控能力,均能改善HPA轴功能的紊乱,改善肾阳虚症状,但具体作用机制有一定差异;盐制过程可有效降低补骨脂的肾毒性。
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合后补助[
张婷倩,李 军,王文琦,孙宜春,张丽艳,李慧馨,黄 蓓,向家俊. 补骨脂不同炮制品对肾阳虚大鼠HPA轴的调控作用及肾毒性研究Study on the Regulation of HPA Axis and Nephrotoxicity of Different Processed Products of Psoraleae Fructus Products in Rats with Kidney-Yang Deficiency[J]. 药物化学, 2023, 11(04): 233-241. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJMCe.2023.114028