这里的临床群体定义为:符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册第五版(The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5)中精神分裂症、物质使用障碍、反社会人格障碍、品行障碍等诊断标准;或者符合国际疾病分类第10版(International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, ICD-10)中精神与行为障碍分类中有关精神分裂症或急性精神分裂症样精神病性障碍的诊断标准。
物质使用障碍(Substance use disorders, SUDs)也称为药物使用障碍,指的是患者持续使用某种物质,即使这种使用已经导致明显的问题和病态的行为方式(
Degenhardt et al., 2018
;
Peterson et al., 2021
)。
Iacono,Carlson,Malone,& McGue (2002)
指出,P300波幅的减小与多种障碍(包括注意力缺陷多动障碍、对立违抗性障碍、品行障碍、反社会人格、酒精成瘾、尼古丁依赖、药物滥用等)有关,也与父母的风险指数有关;个体17岁时的P300减小可以预测其20岁时的物质使用障碍情况。
Branchey等人(1988)
发现,有攻击性行为记录的酗酒和禁欲药物滥用的男性被试均表现出P300波幅的减小,其中存在暴力犯罪监禁史的个体,其P300的波幅最低。
Elsheikh (2020)
发现,SUDs个体的P300波幅较小、潜伏期较短,表明他们的注意力异常(比如思考过程过快、但反应的准确性却较差)。这可能反映了SUDs个体在面对挑衅或压力时更容易做出冲动和攻击性的反应。
Bel-Bahar et al. (2022)
在其元分析中指出,Oddball任务中的P300可以作为评估SUDs治疗效果的神经标志物。
酒精依赖是物质使用障碍的一种形式。有研究发现,酒精依赖个体更容易参与暴力攻击行为,酒精依赖的男性发生暴力攻击行为的概率大约在20%~50%之间(
Stoddard et al., 2015
)。
徐佳兵,杨岭和周旭辉(2018)
采用听觉Oddball任务发现,与正常对照组相比,伴有和不伴有攻击行为的酒精依赖组的P300的潜伏期延长、波幅减小;其中伴有攻击行为的酒精依赖组表现出了更为明显的P200和P300波幅减小。研究者认为,酒精依赖者可能由于去抑制功能、酒精近视(即,酒后注意力缩窄且易冲动)、敌意归因偏差、执行功能等障碍而引发冲动性攻击行为。
Brislin等人(2023)
基于酒精使用障碍遗传学研究(COGA)的数据发现,在欧洲血统的青年群体中,P300波幅与自我报告的酒精和大麻使用等外化行为指标呈负相关。
综上所述,P300在多个临床群体中表现出异常,这包括精神分裂症、酒精依赖、药物依赖、反社会人格、儿童行为障碍以及注意缺陷多动障碍等(
Iacono et al., 2002
)。这意味着P300可能反映了这些群体的共同特征,有研究者认为这是冲动控制问题(
Krueger et al., 2002
),而冲动控制恰好是攻击行为的基础,尤其是冲动性攻击。这些群体的外化性问题多表现出P300波幅的减小。有研究表明,P300波幅的减小不仅与特定障碍相关,而且反映了更广泛的外化倾向风险(
Patrick et al., 2006
;
Krueger et al., 2021
;
Pasion et al., 2023
)。
3) P300的应用场景可进一步拓展:研究数据表明,暴力行为在监狱中的发生率是社区的三倍甚至更多,囚犯发生暴力行为的比例也大约是社区匹配子样本的两倍(
Teplin et al., 2005
)。如果可以将P300更精确地用于识别潜在的暴力风险,并据此制定有效的干预措施,以减少监狱内的暴力事件,这不仅有助于维护监狱秩序,也对囚犯的改造和社会的长期安全具有重要意义。另外,Oddball任务中的P300可以作为有效的证据,推进EEG标记在精神病学领域的应用,例如作为治愈预后、预测、诊断和监测的生物标记,使得治疗更加个性化和有效(
García-Gutiérrez et al., 2020
;
Lahnakoski et al., 2022
;
Niculescu & Le-Niculescu, 2022
;
Wan et al., 2010
)。最后,P300在正常人群中识别那些具有较高暴力风险特质或倾向的个体,这对未来暴力犯罪的预防与早期干预有着重要的意义,开发基于P300的正常人群中区分个体差异的监测工具也是未来的重要方向之一(
Fido et al., 2017
)。
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