脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的危险因素及抗凝治疗的最新进展
The Latest Progress in Risk Factors and Anticoagulant Therapy for Portal Vein Thrombosis after Splenectomy
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.151299, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张 艳*, 诸 松, 张剑波#:重庆医科大学附属第二医院胃肠外科,重庆
关键词: 脾切除术门静脉血栓抗凝治疗Splenectomy Portal Vein Thrombosis Anticoagulant Therapy
摘要: 脾切除术作为治疗脾脏疾病的一种常见手术方式,尽管在某些情况下能够挽救生命,但术后患者面临一系列并发症的风险,其中血栓形成和出血是最为关注的问题。据相关研究显示,脾切除术后患者发生门静脉系统血栓的风险较普通人群高出数倍。因此,术后抗凝治疗显得尤为重要,它不仅能够降低血栓形成的风险,还能在一定程度上减少出血并发症的发生。本综述旨在探讨脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的危险因素及抗凝治疗的最新进展,为临床决策提供科学依据。
Abstract: Splenectomy is a common surgical procedure for treating spleen diseases. Although it can save lives in some cases, patients face a series of complications after surgery, with thrombosis and bleeding being the most concerning issues. According to relevant studies, the risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients after splenectomy is several times higher than that in the general population. Therefore, postoperative anticoagulant therapy is particularly important, as it can not only reduce the risk of thrombosis, but also reduce the occurrence of bleeding complications to a certain extent. This review aims to explore the risk factors of portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy and the latest progress in anticoagulant therapy, providing scientific evidence for clinical decision-making.
文章引用:张艳, 诸松, 张剑波. 脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的危险因素及抗凝治疗的最新进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 2280-2285. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151299

1. 引言

脾脏是网状内皮系统的一部分,具有血液学和免疫学功能。脾切除术适用于多种临床情况,包括良性和恶性过程,以及出于解剖原因和创伤性损伤[1]。其中创伤性脾破裂是导致脾切除的主要原因,约占所有脾切除手术的40%~50% [2]。然而,脾切除术后患者面临较高的并发症风险,包括感染、出血和血栓形成等。据报道,腹部血栓栓塞见于6%至11%的脾切除术后患者。门静脉血栓形成是脾切除术后常见且严重的并发症。据报道,发病率为5%~55%,但2018年最近发表的一项荟萃分析表明发病率为8.1% [3] [4]。因此,脾切除术后抗凝治疗显得尤为重要,本文主要阐述脾切除术门静脉系统血栓形成的危险因素及抗凝治疗的最新进展,旨在为临床工作者提供有价值的参考和实践指导。

2. 脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的危险因素

脾切除术后可能会出现一些感染并发症和可能危及生命的疾病。由于乙型肝炎患者人数众多,脾切除术被广泛使用,因此脾切除术后并发症的管理尤为重要。最严重的并发症是术后感染和门静脉系统血栓形成(PVST)。PVST是指在门静脉或门静脉支干形成的血栓,包括肠系膜上静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜下静脉,PVST的临床表现包括发热、腹痛、恶心和呕吐,严重者可导致肠梗死[5] [6]。PVST形成的详细机制尚不清楚,但通常认为它与术后门静脉系统的局部高凝状态有关。这可能归因于术后血小板计数的飙升和聚集能力的增强。此外,脾体积较大、脾静脉直径较宽、门静脉直径较宽、门静脉流速较低、腹水、术前出血史、血小板计数、白细胞和血红蛋白减少可能增加门静脉系统血栓形成的风险[7]-[13]

3. 脾切除术后抗凝治疗

3.1. 抗凝药物的分类及作用机制

凝血级联反应是一系列凝血因子按一定次序被先后激活的过程,故抗凝药可通过干扰凝血级联反应中各个凝血因子的功能而发挥作用。抗凝药按照抗凝机制不同分为4类,一是凝血酶间接抑制剂,通过肝素与抗凝血酶III (AT-III)结合,形成肝素AT-III复合物;增强抗凝血酶III活性数百倍,抗凝血酶III使凝血因子灭活,如凝血酶IIa、Xa、IXa、XIIa、XIa等,代表药物有肝素、低分子肝素(依诺肝素、那曲肝素、达肝素等)。二是维生素K拮抗剂,通过使维生素K失活,从而干扰维生素K依赖的凝血因子包括II、VII、IX、X的合成,代表药物有香豆素及其衍生物、华法林。三是凝血酶直接抑制剂,通过直接与凝血酶IIa结合形成复合体,使凝血酶灭活,代表药物有水蛭素及其衍生物、比伐卢定。四是Xa抑制剂,通过抑制凝血因子Xa发挥抗凝作用,代表药物有利伐沙班、依度沙班等[14]-[17]

3.2. 抗凝治疗在脾切除术后的必要性

门静脉系统血栓形成的发生是脾切除术的一种被低估的并发症。主要症状通常较轻且无特异性。与腹腔镜入路相关的短期住院时间可能会延迟这种情况的早期诊断[18] [19]。PVST的临床表现包括无症状至有症状的发热、腹痛、恶心、呕吐和肠梗阻。如果不及时适当的治疗,PVST可能会进一步增加门静脉压力和恶化肝功能,从而可能致命,这可能会增加上消化道出血、肝昏迷甚至致命性肠坏死的风险[20]。因此,抗凝治疗在脾切除术后显得尤为重要,其目的是为了降低血栓形成的风险,改善患者的预后。有研究表明,术后预防性抗凝能有效降低PVT的发生率、实现较高的门静脉再通率。但因肝硬化患者本身存在出血风险,预防性抗凝有可能增加出血风险[21] [22]。因此,我们在采取预防性抗凝方案时,需要多方面评估患者的状况,科学地选择抗凝药物、使用时机、使用剂量等,降低出血风险。

3.3. 脾切除术后抗凝治疗的研究进展

门静脉系统血栓形成(PVST)是脾切除术后一种常见且可能致命的并发疾病。预防脾切除术后PVST发生率的最合适干预方案和应用时间仍不确定[23]。到目前为止,关于是否应对脾切除术后患者进行预防性抗凝治疗的随机前瞻性研究很少。欧洲内镜手术协会(EAES)关于腹腔镜脾切除术临床实践指南的共识声明建议所有患者在围手术期预防使用抗凝剂[24]。低分子肝素(LMWH)是临床上最常用的静脉注射抗凝剂[25],LMWH不适合有出血倾向或活动性出血的患者,因为它会增加出血风险并导致肝素诱导的血小板减少症[26]。最常见的口服抗凝药物是华法林[27],由于华法林起效相对较慢,因此采用了从LMWH到华法林的重叠转换来治疗PVST [28]。华法林是一种双香豆素衍生物,通过抑制肝脏中维生素K依赖性凝血因子II、VII、IX和X的合成起到抗凝剂的作用。然而,华法林治疗有几个缺点,包括需要频繁调整剂量、治疗窗口窄、个体差异大以及易与其他药物或食物相互作用[29]-[31]。例如:一项Meta分析数据显示,干预治疗更有效,早期使用干预方案对预防PVST的发生率有更好的疗效;早期应用低分子肝素(LMWH)联合低分子右旋糖酐是预防脾切除术后PVST发生率的最令人满意的治疗方法[32] [33];一项回顾性研究表明定期联合使用LMWH和华法林进行预防性抗凝治疗是一种更安全、更有效的PSVT预防方法[34];另有一些研究表明LMWH和华法林可以降低脾切除术后肝硬化患者PVST的发生率,而不会增加出血风险,且华法林的最佳使用时间为脾切除术后6个月[5] [6] [35]-[37]。此外,利伐沙班是第一个临床应用的直接 Xa 因子抑制剂,与华法林相比,非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝剂利伐沙班在治疗静脉血栓栓塞患者方面可能具有优势,因为不需要注射桥接治疗和常规实验室监测[38]。其在预防PVST方面的有效性和安全性已被各种研究报道。例如:一项随机对照试验研究表明了预防性应用利伐沙班的有效性和安全性,与LMWH加华法林治疗相比,利伐沙班治疗显著降低术后PVST形成的发生率,减轻肝损伤,改善凝血功能[39]-[41]。除以上所提及的抗凝药物外,常用的抗凝药还有阿司匹林,有大量研究表明,与阿司匹林相比,华法林、阿哌沙班、利伐沙班在预防肝硬化患者腹腔镜脾切除术后PVST方面比阿司匹林更有效[23] [27] [40] [42] [43]。最后,由于诊断特异性低,因此PVST的早期诊断十分重要,一项回顾性研究表明,术后第一天单独检测p-选择素(p-sel)、血栓形成前体(TpP)和D-二聚体(D-D)的水平对监测门静脉血栓形成(PVT)都有一定的价值。一般来说,p-sel在预测PVT方面的价值高于单独检测TpP和D-D。特别是,第一天和第三天的p-sel水平对于PVT的早期预测是有价值和可行的[44]

4. 总结

脾切除术是脾相关疾病或脾损伤后的重要治疗手段,然而脾切除术后PVST发生率不低。脾切除术后PVST发生的机制可能与术后血液高凝状态、PLT升高并激活、血管内膜损伤、门静脉血流动力学改变如门静脉流速降低、脾静脉直径等有关。目前临床上对于脾切除术后是否应该预防性抗凝仍未达成统一共识。但已有大量研究表明早期预防性抗凝能有效降低脾切除术后PVST的发生率,本综述表明低分子肝素、华法林、利伐沙班均是预防脾切除术后PVST发生率的有效治疗方法,具体抗凝方案选择应视患者具体情况而定。然而,为了更好地描述这些干预方案的最佳应用时机及应用时长,仍需要进一步的研究。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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