网络排斥的后效及应对方案
The Aftereffects and Countermeasures of Network Exclusion
DOI: 10.12677/ap.2025.153162, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 谭景容:浙江师范大学心理学系,浙江 金华
关键词: 网络排斥排斥后效排斥应对方案Network Exclusion Exclusion Effects Exclusion Response Plan
摘要: 网络排斥是一种在世界范围内普遍存在的负面行为,与面对面排斥得到诸多研究不同,针对网络排斥的研究相当缺乏,而这种对人类困境的视线缺失需要心理学研究者进行重视,并引起广泛讨论。鉴于此,我们对目前关于网络排斥的研究进行了考察,发现现存研究通常以受害者作为主角来考察网络排斥对受害者的负面影响,以及受害者在面对网络排斥时可以采用的应对方式。通过对当前研究的理解,我们也发现了诸多需要改进的不足之处,例如网络排斥的起因需要得到更多关注,以便人们从源头上预防网络排斥的发生;目前研究主要考察网络排斥对用户的普遍影响,我们认为通过探讨网络排斥对不同人群的影响,将有利于研究者制定更具个性化的应对方案等等。
Abstract: Network exclusion is a negative behavior that is widely present worldwide. Unlike face-to-face exclusion, which has been extensively studied, there is a lack of research on network exclusion. This lack of attention to human dilemmas requires psychological researchers to pay attention to it and has sparked widespread discussion. In view of this, we have examined current research on online exclusion and found that existing studies often focus on the victim as the protagonist to examine the negative impact of online exclusion on victims, as well as the coping strategies that victims can adopt when facing online exclusion. Through our understanding of current research, we have also identified many areas that need improvement, such as the need to pay more attention to the causes of online exclusion in order to prevent its occurrence from the source; at present, research mainly examines the general impact of online exclusion on users. We believe that exploring the effects of online exclusion on different populations will be beneficial for researchers to develop more personalized response plans, and so on.
文章引用:谭景容. 网络排斥的后效及应对方案[J]. 心理学进展, 2025, 15(3): 343-352. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2025.153162

1. 引言

随着互联网的普及,越来越多的民众进入到网络空间,就职场而言,全球财富500强企业中便有三分之二的公司采用了社交媒体来促进员工之间的互动交流与绩效提升(Schlagwein & Hu, 2017; Cao et al., 2021; Kuruzovich et al., 2021);在日常生活中,人们也喜欢利用网络空间进行联系旧友或结交新友等活动来充实其业余生活。然而网络空间不是一个乌托邦,网络空间中用户的物理距离为个体道德脱离创造了良好的条件;普遍存在的匿名性也利于激发个体的去抑制效应,这使得人们更有可能无视道德约束和社会认可,选择以更具攻击性的方式行事,这类网络攻击事件已在诸多研究中被发现(Joinson, 1998; Suler, 2004)。需要注意的是,网络世界中的负面事件不仅只有攻击行为,也有广泛存在但未能得到足够重视的网络排斥行为(Mattila et al., 2013; Niu et al., 2018; Schneider et al., 2017; Smith, Morgan, & Monks, 2017; Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000b);人们常常出于与他人建立联系的需要使用社交媒体,如果在这个过程中被置于一个排斥的境地,个体的心理和行为都会受到严重的不利影响(Knowles et al., 2014; Howard, Cogswell, & Smith, 2020)。综上所述,我们认为加强对网络排斥的关注十分必要,本文对目前关于网络排斥的研究进行了汇总,发现现存的研究主要以网络排斥的受害者作为研究对象,研究重心在网络排斥的后果和应对方式上,因此本文将以这两个方面作为重点来进行详细的阐述。

网络排斥

网络排斥,即个体在虚拟空间中被忽视或排除在外的经历(Williams et al., 2000a; Williams et al., 2000b; Niu et al., 2018);其形式十分多样,包括但不限于没有收到即时的消息恢复、所发帖子或照片等没有被回应、在多人网络游戏中被排除在外等等(Reich, Schneider, & Heling, 2018; Wolf et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2012)。鉴于在线环境对很多社交信号(如肢体语言)只能进行有限的访问,而这在一定程度上会阻碍个体对他人伤害程度的理解,并且这种理解通常在不道德行为中发挥自我控制的作用(Smith, 2012),因此排斥者似乎难以停止自身的行为,而受害者会经历极为糟糕的负面体验,例如感到愤怒,并停止使用网络媒介等(Beaudry & Pinsonneault, 2005)。

在实际研究中,实验者经常采用量表或Ostracism Online范式来研究网络排斥。首先,由Niu等人(2018)开发的网络排斥量表在中国青少年群体中具有良好的信效度,该量表从三个维度考察排斥情况,分别是“在线单聊中的网络排斥”、“在线群聊中的网络排斥”、“个人网络空间中的排斥”。其次,由Wolf等人(2015)开发的Ostracism Online至今仍是该领域中最经典的排斥范式;该范式需要参与者登录指定网页并在该页面书写一段自我介绍,参与者被告知他们将在接下来的三分钟内被介绍给其他11名成员,在这个过程中12名用户可以浏览彼此的头像与自我介绍,并且可以使用“点赞”按钮对他人表达好感;事实上在该范式中只有参与者是真实用户,研究者通过对点赞数量的设定来操纵排斥,处于控制条件下的被试将收到平均水平的点赞数量,而网络排斥下的用户收到的点赞数则远低于平均水平。

2. 网络排斥的影响

目前研究集中于从生理变化、心理影响、行为后果三方面来探讨网络排斥给用户带来的影响。

2.1. 生理变化

已有研究表明,通常在社会情景中,当人们面对自我威胁时,皮质醇会随着压力和负性情绪的增加而升高(Dickerson et al., 2008),但大多数研究发现社会排斥与皮质醇的减少有关,这是因为排斥后对归属感的需求会“冻结”个体的行为,而不是做出“战斗”或“逃跑”的反应(Wesselmann et al., 2015)。近年来有研究比对了面对面排斥与网络排斥下的受害者在皮质醇水平上的差异,结果发现两种条件下的参与者的皮质醇水平都低于基线水平,而排斥条件的差异并不显著(Filipkowski & Smyth, 2012)。

关于fMRI的研究表明,与社会排斥类似,处理网络排斥的脑区同样涉及额叶区域,包括前扣带皮层(ACC)、额下回(IFG)和前岛叶等区域(Wagels et al., 2017; Radke et al., 2018);在得到负面的排斥反馈时,女性被试的岛叶、ACC和楔前叶区域的激活显著增强(Radke et al., 2021);类似的排斥信号也影响着青少年的脑区激活,尤其是VLPFC和前岛叶这两个部分(Wikman et al., 2022),其中VLPFC的活动与个体的主观痛苦呈负相关,并参与个体的情绪调节和认知控制过程(Ryman et al., 2019),而前岛叶的激活则反映着身体疼痛和情感疼痛的发生(Orenius et al., 2017),这些心理过程和生理后果都被验证为网络排斥将引发的个体经历。

2.2. 情绪与基本需求

网络排斥作为一种在线压力源往往威胁着人们的情绪健康(Schneider et al., 2017),尤其对于那些面临超负荷压力的人群来说,例如一项研究显示,网络排斥完全介导了个体的感知压力与情绪健康之间的关系(Tang & Duan, 2023);这可能是由于较大的压力会抑制人们面对排斥困境时调节情绪状态所依赖的心理弹性,从而导致了更多的负面情绪(如愤怒等) (Sarfraz et al., 2023)。近期Ali等人(2024)的调查发现,社交媒体排斥正向预测了该网站用户的情绪衰竭情况,这是一种因社交资源枯竭而产生的情绪沮丧的慢性状态;但个体的心理韧性可以削弱网络排斥对情绪衰竭的正向影响,心理韧性是指个体利用心理资源来保护自己免受压力源的负面影响的个人特质,那些心理韧性较强的员工在面对网络排斥后,不太容易经历情绪疲惫(Lee, Richards, & Washburn, 2021)。

与此同时,虽然面对面排斥比网络排斥对个体的自尊和控制感造成更大的挑战(Williams et al., 2002),但事实上两种排斥都会降低个体在归属感、自尊、有意义这几个需求维度上的满意度(Tobin et al., 2015; Filipkowski & Smyth, 2012)。此外,一般而言,只有在面对面的排斥下个体的控制感才会下降,网络排斥未能威胁到用户的控制感(Schneider et al., 2017);一个合理的解释是,网络排斥使用的Ostracism Online范式潜在的具有恢复个体控制感的功能,那些被排斥在外,即没有收到任何点赞消息的参与者可以通过点赞/拒绝点赞他人的信息来补偿控制感;而在面对面排斥中使用到的Cyberball范式中,那些被排斥在外的个体,即在数轮投球中,仅收到队友两次投球的玩家,没有更多的机会将球投给自我指定的玩家来恢复控制感,或许正是研究者所用范式存在的天然特点使得不同排斥情景下的受害者之间存在着控制感差异(Timeo et al., 2020)。因此,也有研究剥夺了Ostracism Online工具中被排斥者给他人点赞的机会,结果发现与不被剥夺点赞机会相比,被剥夺了点赞权力的被排斥方报告了更差的情绪和需求满意度(Reich et al., 2024)。需注意的是,网络排斥对个体心理层面的下游影响并未止步于需求感的降低,还会干扰到受害者的真实性,真实性即个人按照真实自我运作的特质(Sedikides et al., 2017)。通常来讲,基本需求的满足有助于个体自由表达其价值观、信念和欲望,而当人们因社会困境而遭受挫折时,其需求满意度会降低,从而阻碍个体进行真实的自我表达(Ryan & Ryan, 2019);近年来的研究表明,那些经历了网络排斥的参与者在基本需求满意度和真实性方面的得分都较低,同时中介分析表明,基本需求的满足感是网络排斥对个体真实性进行影响的潜在机制(Borawski, 2022)。

2.3. 心理意图与行为后果

就网络办公环境而言,排斥显著抑制了员工的在线工作投入度(Yang et al., 2022),受到网络排斥的员工倾向于降低在线工作在其待办事项中的优先级,并忙于与组织效益无关的活动(Chung & Kim, 2017; Haldorai et al., 2020)。其次,网络排斥也会干预人们对社交媒体的使用意图,一项调查显示,网络排斥会激发愤怒情绪,并与个体中断使用该媒介的意图呈正相关,其中愤怒情绪是一种中介机制,将网络排斥与中断使用意图联系起来(Sarfraz et al, 2023)。此外,上文提到,经历网络排斥可能导致用户陷入情绪衰竭,而当个体感到高度的情绪衰竭时,他们会倾向于使用防御策略来保护剩余的心理资源,这种防御策略在网络环境中的表现就是潜伏,潜伏被定义为一种不活跃的网络用户行为,体现为保持沉默、很少发帖或没有贡献等行为(Liu et al., 2019);Ali等人(2024)的研究验证了这一点,即网络排斥将通过诱发用户的情绪衰竭进一步促进其潜伏意图的增加。

同样的,由网络排斥带来的对用户需求的负面影响将导致一系列破坏性的个人行为(Hadi et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2017)。不仅如此,正如威胁自负假说所提到的那样,当面对社会困境时,自恋者会做出情绪防御行为,其中高自尊的自恋者倾向于外化行为反应,而低自尊的自恋者往往会避免直接的攻击行为,转而寻求更为隐蔽或间接的攻击方式(Mazinani et al., 2021; Krizan & Johar, 2015);鉴于此,一项研究考察了网络排斥对不同自恋者的攻击行为的影响,发现与低自尊的自恋者相比,高自尊的自恋者表现出更高的直接攻击性,即给他人施加了更高的噪音攻击;然而在间接攻击上,两种自尊水平的自恋者表现出相似的攻击倾向(Chen et al., 2022)。糟糕的是,这种攻击倾向甚至会指向被排斥方自身,表现为非自杀性自残行为;这是一种不带有自杀意图且不会导致死亡的自伤行为,是由个体自发的且针对自身的切割、击打、烧伤等负面行为(Klonsky & Olino, 2008)。Ding等人(2022)对中国某高中在校生的上网情况进行调查,结果发现青少年遭遇网络排斥的程度正向预测了其非自杀性自残行为,具体而言个体逃避排斥可能带来的痛苦的内部体验(即经验回避)并做出外化的自伤行为。

3. 网络排斥的应对方式

3.1. 回忆亲密关系

这种策略通过诱导参与者回想自己在现实生活中的社会纽带来缓冲排斥给个人带来的不良影响,在成年人和青少年身上都发现了可观的干预效果(McConnell et al., 2011);在实际操作中,参与者的社交关系被提醒,如观看亲友的照片、社交媒体图标,或被引导重现与亲友的记忆等(Gardner, Pickett, & Knowles, 2005; Knausenberger, Hellmann, & Echterhoff, 2015)。该策略不仅有助于应对面对面排斥,对网络排斥的预后也有积极影响,例如Timeo等人(2020)发现,与控制条件相比,回忆亲密关系的青少年更快地从在线排斥中恢复了基本需求和情绪状态。

3.2. 社交替代策略

在实验室中,该策略需要研究者引导参与者思考自身可能与名人(如喜欢的歌手或演员)建立的想象关系来完成干预(Knowles, 2013; Poon et al., 2016)。已有研究发现,相较于女孩,社交替代策略使得青春期男孩更好地在经历网络排斥后恢复了基本需求满意度;与女孩会选择不同性别的名人来建立替代关系不同,男孩只考虑到了同性别的角色,而这样的选择可能受到了相似性的积极影响,这种影响往往对男孩的自我建构起到指导性作用;相反,女孩对异性名人的想象可能源于吸引机制,如对恋爱的渴望,而这可能伴随着更加糟糕的情绪后果,因为她们会意识到这段关系大概率是无法实现的(Timeo et al., 2020)。

3.3. 在线功能的使用

通常来讲,社交媒体上的一键“点赞”功能是低风险且亲社会的有效工具,那些在网络上受到很少关注从而感到被忽视和排斥的用户有时会积极点赞或评论其他人的帖子来主动获取关注并表达建立良好关系的渴望,这种方式有利于个体重建归属感并摆脱网络排斥带来的消极后果(Burke, Kraut, & Marlow, 2011; Sumner, Ruge-Jone, & Alcorn, 2018)。一项研究在验证上述观点的同时,发现如果实验者剥夺用户使用“点赞”按钮的权力将导致网络排斥的负面影响更难以被消解,与未被剥夺点赞权的参与者相比,这些用户的需求满意度显著降低(Reich et al., 2024)。

4. 总结与展望

4.1. 总结

目前针对网络排斥的研究十分稀缺,考虑到网络排斥发生的普遍性、结果的严重性,我们认为网络排斥需要得到研究者的更多关注。在本文中,我们介绍了网络排斥的定义和研究方法,并提醒研究者需要加强对网络排斥的关注。其次,我们将目前证实的网络排斥的影响进行细分,从生理影响、心理和行为变化角度详细论述了网络排斥可能带来的后果。最后,我们对网络排斥的应对方式进行总结,并发现当前的应对方式主要在网络排斥发生后在受害者身上实施。

综上所述,本文对当前针对网络排斥的研究重点进行汇总,发现现存研究主要以网络排斥的受害者作为研究对象,考察网络排斥对个体带来的负面影响,以及用户经历排斥后为恢复心理状态可以采用的应对方式。

4.2. 展望

4.2.1. 网络排斥的源头

与社会排斥的起因得到充足的研究不同,尚未有研究者系统性地调查网络排斥的原因;如今诸多研究发现了面对面排斥与网络排斥的相同之处,那引发两种排斥的原因是否也有重叠仍待考察(Filipkowski & Smyth, 2012; Hartgerink et al., 2015; Yaakobi, 2021; Blinkhorn et al., 2021; Mazinani et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; 黄骏青,李楷政,张姝玥,2023),Williams等人(1997)曾提出,排斥可能出于情境角色规定、惩罚、防御、遗忘这几种动机而发生,而这些动机是否会出现在网络排斥中,以及如果这些动机出现又会以何种方式引导着网络排斥的进程,我们不得而知需要研究者进行更多的探讨。

此外,虽然近年来有越来越多的研究者把目光放在了排斥者身上,但这种关注只涉及到面对面的排斥情景,至于网络排斥绝大多数文献都将排斥受害者作为研究目标,而网络排斥的发起者则被研究者忽视(Doolaard et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021; 金童林等,2024)。我们认为,排斥者和受害者都是网络排斥中不可缺少的角色,如果研究者能够兼顾到二者在网络排斥中的作用将有利于我们更加全面地、系统地看待网络排斥,从排斥者的视角进行研究也将有助于我们从源头上减少网络排斥的发生。

4.2.2. 影响网络排斥的潜在因素

我们认为,影响网络排斥的因素可能是多重且复杂的,这其中既包含主观的因素也涉及客观的条件。通常来讲,个体的拒绝敏感性、成长性信念、自我连续性、思维反刍倾向等特质都影响着人们从社会困境中恢复的速度;大五人格中的宜人性、尽责性、神经质维度也影响着人们如何成为面对面的排斥者和被排斥者(Ayduk et al., 2008; Sarfraz et al., 2023; Jiang & Chen, 2020; Rudert et al., 2020; Feng et al., 2024);而这些特点将怎样影响陷入网络排斥的用户,以及是否有特质独立性的作用于网络排斥而不受面对面排斥的影响等等,这些都需要研究者进行考察并细化,以便我们更深入地了解网络排斥。

同时,个体所处网络环境中的客观因素,如社会支持水平、团队包容倾向、环境目标等也可能影响排斥的发生和人们看待网络排斥的方式,从而造成不同的心理行为后果(Zhang et al., 2023; Doolaard et al., 2020; Rudert et al., 2020);例如我们预计在一个看重合作的社交平台上,那些偏离道德规范的用户将经历更高程度的网络排斥,而在看重绩效的在线工作平台中,那些能力较差的负担成员则更容易被排除在外;比起违反规定而遭到排斥的用户,那些符合平台标准但被排斥的用户可能会经历更高水平的基本需求威胁和情绪困扰,这会进一步干扰其行为表现。

4.2.3. 完善应对方式

虽然本文对目前已存的网络排斥的应对方式进行了详述,但这些策略的数量和开发程度是远远不够的。排斥的研究表明,人们常常基于群体身份、群体偏见、文化刻板印象等因素来证明自己将某类成员排斥在外是合理的(Thijs, 2017),对此我们认为可以对排斥者的观点采择、移情等能力进行训练,使其理解排斥目标的处境,知晓目标的痛苦并塑造平等意识,从而来减少网络排斥发生的可能性。

同时,已有研究表明网络排斥负向预测了青少年的心理健康状况,而正念特质可以缓冲网络排斥对青少年心理健康的威胁(Li et al., 2022),据此我们认为加强正念训练的普及,引导个体以非评判和接受的态度面对逆境并专注于当下,能够有效地帮助网络排斥的受害者走出困境。此外,Ramsey & Jones (2015)将正念训练引入到面对面排斥的预防上,发现在日常生活中人们可能无法积极关注到他人的存在或同伴的归属需求,从而成为无意识的排斥者;如他们所预测的那样,与控制条件相比,那些接受正念训练的参与者们出现了更少的面对面排斥行为。但是,尚未有人探讨在网络环境中是否有这类无意识排斥者的存在,以及正念训练是否能够减少在线平台中的排斥者的产生,我们认为这是一条有实际价值的研究路径,不仅有助于正念疗法的推广,或许还能从源头上减少网络排斥的发生。

参考文献

[1] 黄骏青, 李楷政, 张姝玥(2023). 基于公共物品博弈框架的排斥行为范式开发. 心理与行为研究, (3), 320-327.
[2] 金童林, 乌云特娜, 张璐, 贾彦茹(2024). 网络社会排斥对大学生网络攻击行为的影响: 道德推脱的纵向调节作用. 心理科学, (6), 1373-1380.
[3] Ali, A., Wang, H., Gong, M., & Mehmood, K. (2024). Conservation of Resources Theory Perspective of Social Media Ostracism Influence on Lurking Intentions. Behaviour & Information Technology, 43, 212-229.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2022.2159873
[4] Ayduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008). Individual Differences in the Rejection-Aggression Link in the Hot Sauce Paradigm: The Case of Rejection Sensitivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 775-782.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004
[5] Beaudry,, & Pinsonneault, (2005). Understanding User Responses to Information Technology: A Coping Model of User Adaptation. MIS Quarterly, 29, 493-524.
https://doi.org/10.2307/25148693
[6] Blinkhorn, V., Lyons, M., Collier, E. S., & Almond, L. (2021). The Relationship between Narcissism and Acceptance of Violence Revealed through a Game Designed to Induce Social Ostracism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161, 261-271.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1816884
[7] Borawski, D. (2022). Ostracized and Unreal: Does Cyberostracism Affect Authenticity? Personality and Individual Differences, 189, Article 111486.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111486
[8] Burke, M., Kraut, R., & Marlow, C. (2011). Social Capital on Facebook. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 571-580). ACM.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979023
[9] Cao, X., Ali, A., Pitafi, A. H., Khan, A. N., & Waqas, M. (2021). A Socio-Technical System Approach to Knowledge Creation and Team Performance: Evidence from China. Information Technology & People, 34, 1976-1996.
https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-10-2019-0536
[10] Chen, Y., Huo, Y., & Liu, J. (2022). Impact of Online Anonymity on Aggression in Ostracized Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists. Personality and Individual Differences, 188, Article 111448.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111448
[11] Chung, Y. W., & Kim, T. (2017). Impact of Using Social Network Services on Workplace Ostracism, Job Satisfaction, and Innovative Behaviour. Behaviour & Information Technology, 36, 1235-1243.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2017.1369568
[12] Dickerson, S. S., Mycek, P. J., & Zaldivar, F. (2008). Negative Social Evaluation, but Not Mere Social Presence, Elicits Cortisol Responses to a Laboratory Stressor Task. Health Psychology, 27, 116-121.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.116
[13] Ding, H., Zhu, L., Wei, H., Geng, J., Huang, F., & Lei, L. (2022). The Relationship between Cyber-Ostracism and Adolescents’ Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 12236.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912236
[14] Doolaard, F. T., Lelieveld, G., Noordewier, M. K., van Beest, I., & van Dijk, E. (2020). Get Out or Stay Out: How the Social Exclusion Process Affects Actors, but Not Targets. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 88, Article 103946.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103946
[15] Feng, J., Ji, Z., & Zhang, D. (2024). Ostracism of a Highly Neurotic Target by Individuals with Different Levels of Agreeableness: The Roles of Empathy and Personal Cost. Personality and Individual Differences, 220, Article 112527.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112527
[16] Filipkowski, K. B., & Smyth, J. M. (2012). Plugged in but Not Connected: Individuals’ Views of and Responses to Online and In-Person Ostracism. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1241-1253.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.007
[17] Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Knowles, M. L. (2005). Social Snacking and Shielding: Using Social Symbols, Selves, and Surrogates in the Service of Belonging Needs. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying (pp. 227-241). Psychology Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203942888.
[18] Hadi, S. A., Mojzisch, A., Krumm, S., & Hausser, J. A. (2021). Day-Level Relationships between Work, Physical Activity, and Well-Being: Testing the Physical Activity-Mediated Demand-Control (pamDC) Model. Work & Stress, 36, 355-376.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2021.2002971
[19] Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Phetvaroon, K., & Li, J. (. (2020). Left Out of the Office “Tribe”: The Influence of Workplace Ostracism on Employee Work Engagement. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32, 2717-2735.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-04-2020-0285
[20] Hartgerink, C. H. J., van Beest, I., Wicherts, J. M., & Williams, K. D. (2015). The Ordinal Effects of Ostracism: A Meta-Analysis of 120 Cyberball Studies. PLOS ONE, 10, e0127002.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127002
[21] Howard, M. C., Cogswell, J. E., & Smith, M. B. (2020). The Antecedents and Outcomes of Workplace Ostracism: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105, 577-596.
https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000453
[22] Jiang, T., & Chen, Z. (2020). Relative Deprivation: A Mechanism for the Ostracism-Aggression Link. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 347-359.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2621
[23] Joinson, A. (1998). Causes and Implications of Disinhibited Behavior on the Internet. Revista Mexicana de Fisica, 10, 43-60.
[24] Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying Clinically Distinct Subgroups of Self-Injurers among Young Adults: A Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 22-27.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.22
[25] Knausenberger, J., Hellmann, J. H., & Echterhoff, G. (2015). When Virtual Contact Is All You Need: Subtle Reminders of Facebook Preempt Social-Contact Restoration after Exclusion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 279-284.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2035
[26] Knowles, M. L. (2013). Belonging Regulation through the Use of (Para)Social Surrogates. In The Oxford Handbook of Social Exclusion (pp. 275-285). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398700.013.0026
[27] Knowles, M. L., Green, A., & Weidel, A. (2014). Social Rejection Biases Estimates of Interpersonal Distance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 158-167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613491972
[28] Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2015). Narcissistic Rage Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 784-801.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000013
[29] Kuruzovich, J., Paczkowski, W., Golden, T. D., Goodarzi, S., & Venkatesh, V. (2021). Telecommuting and Job Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Model of System Use, Software Quality, and Social Exchange. Information & Management, 58, Article 103431.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103431
[30] Lee, Y. H., Richards, K. A. R., & Washburn, N. (2021). Mindfulness, Resilience, Emotional Exhaustion, and Turnover Intention in Secondary Physical Education Teaching. European Review of Applied Psychology, 71, Article 100625.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2021.100625
[31] Li, X., Mu, W., Wang, Y., Xie, P., Zhang, Y., & Liu, T. (2022). Different Roles of Rumination and Mindfulness among Cyber-Ostracized Adolescents’ Psychological Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 1222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031222
[32] Liu, J., Huo, Y., Chen, Y., & Song, P. (2018). Dispositional and Experimentally Primed Attachment Security Reduced Cyber Aggression after Cyber Ostracism. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 334-341.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.040
[33] Liu, X., Min, Q., Wu, D., & Liu, Z. (2019). How Does Social Network Diversity Affect Users’ Lurking Intention towards Social Network Services? A Role Perspective. Information & Management, 57, Article 103258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.103258
[34] Mattila, A. S., Andreau, L., Hanks, L., & Kim, E. E. (2013). The Impact of Cyberostracism on Online Complaint Handling. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41, 45-60.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551311288166
[35] Mazinani, Z., Shakiba, S., Pourshahbaz, A., & Vahedi, M. (2021). Five Factor Narcissism and Threat to Fundamental Needs Following Social Exclusion Engendered by the Cyberball Game. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, Article 110279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110279
[36] McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M., Shoda, T. M., Stayton, L. E., & Martin, C. E. (2011). Friends with Benefits: On the Positive Consequences of Pet Ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1239-1252.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024506
[37] Niu, G., Zhou, Z., Sun, X., Yu, F., Xie, X., Liu, Q. et al. (2018). Cyber-Ostracism and Its Relation to Depression among Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Optimism. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 105-109.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.032
[38] Orenius, T. I., Raij, T. T., Nuortimo, A., Näätänen, P., Lipsanen, J., & Karlsson, H. (2017). The Interaction of Emotion and Pain in the Insula and Secondary Somatosensory Cortex. Neuroscience, 349, 185-194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.047
[39] Poon, K., Teng, F., Wong, W., & Chen, Z. (2016). When Nature Heals: Nature Exposure Moderates the Relationship between Ostracism and Aggression. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 159-168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.10.002
[40] Radke, S., Jankowiak, K., Tops, S., Abel, T., Habel, U., & Derntl, B. (2021). Neurobiobehavioral Responses to Virtual Social Rejection in Females—Exploring the Influence of Oxytocin. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16, 326-333.
https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa168
[41] Radke, S., Seidel, E. M., Boubela, R. N., Thaler, H., Metzler, H., Kryspin-Exner, I. et al. (2018). Immediate and Delayed Neuroendocrine Responses to Social Exclusion in Males and Females. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 93, 56-64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.005
[42] Ramsey, A. T., & Jones, E. E. (2015). Minding the Interpersonal Gap: Mindfulness-Based Interventions in the Prevention of Ostracism. Consciousness and Cognition, 31, 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.003
[43] Reich, S., Schneider, F. M., & Heling, L. (2018). Zero Likes-Symbolic Interactions and Need Satisfaction Online. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 97-102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.043
[44] Reich, S., Schneider, F. M., & Zwillich, B. (2024). No Likes – No Control? Examining the Role of Coping Deprivation and Social Anxiety in Social Media Ostracism. Behaviour & Information Technology, 43, 284-297.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2161938
[45] Rudert, S. C., Keller, M. D., Hales, A. H., Walker, M., & Greifeneder, R. (2020). Who Gets Ostracized? A Personality Perspective on Risk and Protective Factors of Ostracism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 1247-1268.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000271
[46] Rudert, S. C., Möring, J. N. R., Kenntemich, C., & Büttner, C. M. (2023). When and Why We Ostracize Others: Motivated Social Exclusion in Group Contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125, 803-826.
https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000423
[47] Ryan, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2019). Toward a Social Psychology of Authenticity: Exploring Within-Person Variation in Autonomy, Congruence, and Genuineness Using Self-Determination Theory. Review of General Psychology, 23, 99-112.
https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000162
[48] Ryman, S. G., El Shaikh, A. A., Shaff, N. A., Hanlon, F. M., Dodd, A. B., Wertz, C. J. et al. (2019). Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control Rely on Flexible Use of the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 40, 955-966.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24424
[49] Sarfraz, M., Khawaja, K. F., Ivascu, L., & Khalil, M. (2023). An Empirical Study on Cyber Ostracism and Students’ Discontinuous Usage Intention of Social Networking Sites during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mediated and Moderated Model. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 76, Article 101235.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101235
[50] Schlagwein, D., & Hu, M. (2017). How and Why Organisations Use Social Media: Five Use Types and Their Relation to Absorptive Capacity. Journal of Information Technology, 32, 194-209.
https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2016.7
[51] Schneider, F. M., Zwillich, B., Bindl, M. J., Hopp, F. R., Reich, S., & Vorderer, P. (2017). Social Media Ostracism: The Effects of Being Excluded Online. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 385-393.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.052
[52] Sedikides, C., Slabu, L., Lenton, A., & Thomaes, S. (2017). State Authenticity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 521-525.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417713296
[53] Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying: Challenges and Opportunities for a Research Program—A Response to Olweus (2012). European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 553-558.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.689821
[54] Smith, R., Morgan, J., & Monks, C. (2017). Students' Perceptions of the Effect of Social Media Ostracism on Wellbeing. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 276-285.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.041
[55] Suler, J. (2004). The Online Disinhibition Effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 321-326.
https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
[56] Sumner, E. M., Ruge-Jones, L., & Alcorn, D. (2018). A Functional Approach to the Facebook Like Button: An Exploration of Meaning, Interpersonal Functionality, and Potential Alternative Response Buttons. New Media & Society, 20, 1451-1469.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817697917
[57] Tang, X., & Duan, W. (2023). Cyber-Ostracism Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Stress and Emotional Well-Being among College Students. Journal of American College Health, 71, 355-362.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1891914
[58] Thijs, J. (2017). Children’s Evaluations of Interethnic Exclusion: The Effects of Ethnic Boundaries, Respondent Ethnicity, and Majority In-Group Bias. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 158, 46-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.01.005
[59] Timeo, S., Riva, P., & Paladino, M. P. (2020). Being Liked or Not Being Liked: A Study on Social-Media Exclusion in a Preadolescent Population. Journal of Adolescence, 80, 173-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.010
[60] Tobin, S. J., Vanman, E. J., Verreynne, M., & Saeri, A. K. (2015). Threats to Belonging on Facebook: Lurking and Ostracism. Social Influence, 10, 31-42.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2014.893924
[61] Wagels, L., Bergs, R., Clemens, B., Bauchmüller, M., Gur, R. C., Schneider, F. et al. (2017). Contextual Exclusion Processing: An fMRI Study of Rejection in a Performance-Related Context. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11, 874-886.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9561-2
[62] Wang, Z., Du, J., Yu, M., Meng, H., & Wu, J. (2021). Abusive Supervision and Newcomers’ Turnover Intention: A Perceived Workplace Ostracism Perspective. The Journal of General Psychology, 148, 398-413.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2020.1751043
[63] Wesselmann, E. D., Ren, D., & Williams, K. D. (2015). Motivations for Responses to Ostracism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 40.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00040
[64] Wikman, P., Moisala, M., Ylinen, A., Lindblom, J., Leikas, S., Salmela-Aro, K. et al. (2022). Brain Responses to Peer Feedback in Social Media Are Modulated by Valence in Late Adolescence. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, Article 790478.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.790478
[65] Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social Ostracism by Coworkers: Does Rejection Lead to Loafing or Compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 693-706.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237003
[66] Williams, K. D., Bernieri, F. J., Faulkner, S. L., Gada-Jain, N., & Grahe, J. E. (2000a). The Scarlet Letter Study: Five Days of Social Ostracism. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 5, 19-63.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10811440008407846
[67] Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000b). Cyberostracism: Effects of Being Ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.748
[68] Williams, K. D., Govan, C. L., Croker, V., Tynan, D., Cruickshank, M., & Lam, A. (2002). Investigations into Differences between Social and Cyberostracism. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6, 65-77.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.65
[69] Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J., & Williams, K. D. (2015). Ostracism Online: A Social Media Ostracism Paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 47, 361-373.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0475-x
[70] Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K., & Zhang, X. (2012). Coping with Workplace Ostracism: The Roles of Ingratiation and Political Skill in Employee Psychological Distress. Journal of Management Studies, 49, 178-199.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01017.x
[71] Yaakobi, E. (2021). Immediate Moderating Effects of Attribution on Ostracism Distress. Australian Psychologist, 56, 193-203.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2020.1829452
[72] Yang, L., Murad, M., Mirza, F., Chaudhary, N. I., & Saeed, M. (2022). Shadow of Cyber Ostracism over Remote Environment: Implication on Remote Work Challenges, Virtual Work Environment and Employee Mental Well-Being during a Covid-19 Pandemic. Acta Psychologica, 225, Article 103552.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103552
[73] Zhang, H., Yang, Z., Kwan, H. K., & Wu, F. (2023). Workplace Ostracism and Family Social Support: A Moderated Mediation Model of Personal Reputation. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 40, 1643-1682.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-022-09833-w
[74] Zhu, H., Lyu, Y., Deng, X., & Ye, Y. (2017). Workplace Ostracism and Proactive Customer Service Performance: A Conservation of Resources Perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 64, 62-72.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.04.004

Baidu
map