急性心肌梗死合并非梗死相关动脉慢性完全闭塞的研究进展
Research Progress in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Chronic Total Occlusive of Non-Infarct-Related Arteries
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.153862, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 周星波, 赵 倩:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安;孟 帅, 左 梅*:延安大学咸阳医院心血管内科,陕西 咸阳
关键词: 急性心肌梗死非梗死相关动脉慢性完全闭塞综述Acute Myocardial Infarction Non-Infarct-Related Arteries Chronic Total Occlusion Review
摘要: 在对急性心肌梗死患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗过程中,非梗死相关动脉的慢性完全闭塞是常见的合并症,这样的患者往往病情严重,给AMI患者的管理带来了极大的挑战。近年,随着技术的发展和手术水平的提高,我们对此类患者的诊疗有了新的认识。本文将对急性心肌梗死合并非梗死相关动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的人群特征、治疗策略、近远期预后和侧支循环等进行综述。
Abstract: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common emergency in cardiovascular medicine, and chronic total occlusion (CTO) of non-infarct-related arteries (non-IRA) is a common comorbidity during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with AMI. Such patients are often severely ill and pose a significant challenge to the management of AMI patients. In recent years, with the development of technology and the improvement of surgery, we have gained new insights into the management of such patients. In this article, we will review the population characteristics, treatment strategies, near and long term prognosis, and collateral circulation in AMI with non-IRA CTO.
文章引用:周星波, 赵倩, 孟帅, 左梅. 急性心肌梗死合并非梗死相关动脉慢性完全闭塞的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(3): 2246-2255. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.153862

1. 引言

慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion, CTO)是可能或确定的持续时间 ≥ 3个月的心外膜冠状动脉完全闭塞病变,血管造影表现可有TIMI0级、无新血栓形成、存在成熟侧支[1]。在急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)患者的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)过程中,CTO作为一种常见合并症,因为治疗难度大,所以在很大程度上限制了临床诊疗,长期以来被称为介入治疗领域的“最后壁垒”[2]。过去几十年随着研究样本量的增加和研究的不断深入,我们对AMI合并非梗死相关动脉(non-infarct-related arteries, non-IRA)的CTO病变有了更加全面和深入的认识。本文主要聚焦于AMI合并non-IRA CTO病变的人群特征、药物及介入治疗的临床获益以及侧支循环对患者的影响。

2. AMI合并non-IRA CTO病变的人群特征

2.1. 急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并non-IRA CTO的人群特征

多项研究报道了CTO在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI)冠脉造影中的发生率,结果均有差异。HORIZONS-AMI研究[3]显示CTO发生率为8.6%,而来自荷兰的研究[4]则较高,达到13%。加拿大的多中心研究[5]及EXPLORE实验[6]报道的发生率为10%~15%。另一项大型研究[7]纳入10,063名患者,CTO的发生率为6.6%。Xu等[8]纳入美国大型住院患者数据库的576,760名患者,CTO比例为8.8%,而Sachdeva等[9]最近的研究中CTO发生率仅为3.2%。近年来自中国的两项大样本研究[10] [11]显示CTO发生率分别为8.3%和8.7%,这与Xu等[8]的数据接近。

对于CTO在STEMI患者冠脉中的分布,右冠状动脉(right coronary artery, RCA)发生率最高,为47%~62.4%,左前降支(left anterior descending branch, LAD) 20%~41.1%,左回旋支(left circumflex branch, LCX) 16%~28.4%,17%~18.8%的患者存在多处CTO病变[5] [12]-[14]。对于CTO的位置,78%位于近段或中段,其中RCA 80%、LAD 84%、LCX 63%。合并CTO病变患者的平均年龄是66 ± 11岁、男性70.5%~81%、心力衰竭发生率43.1%、心源性休克发生率11.8%、心律失常发生率34.6%、死亡率5.8%、卒中发生率1.3% [5] [9] [11] [15]

2.2. 急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并Non-IRA CTO的人群特征

目前仅有为数不多的研究报道了急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI)合并CTO病变,Terlecki等[16]对波兰国家登记处的数据进行分析,发现131,729例患者中CTO的比例为19.91%,男性占69.53%,平均年龄为65.98 ± 11.61岁。LCX为35.86%、RCA为30.64%、LAD为22.89%、其他血管占10.61%。英国的一项多中心观察性研究[17]纳入17,355例患者,CTO占比为10.4%,男性占81.1%,平均年龄为67.8岁。

总之,不同时期和地区的研究显示CTO患病率存在显著差异,原因可能包括种族、地域、生活方式、医疗资源等方面的差异。同时在研究方法上(比如回顾性研究和前瞻性研究)的不一致,也会引起患病率的差异。由于过去影像学技术的限制,在造影操作中必然存在难以察觉的细小血管或血管末梢的CTO,随着近年介入技术的进步可能会更容易诊断出CTO,从而导致近年与既往研究所报道的发生率存在较大差异。在诊断标准方面,目前对CTO形成时间的衡量,大多数研究将闭塞时间定为超过3个月,而在这些研究中可能会存在冠脉完全闭塞的患者,但闭塞时间不超过3个月的情况。在数据来源方面,某些单中心的研究可能有选择偏倚,而多中心研究样本量大、异质性高,患病率的差异可能较小。此外,患者人群的年龄、合并症(如糖尿病、高血压等)是否被控制,也会影响CTO的发病率。因此,AMI合并CTO的真实发生率目前尚不明确。

3. AMI合并Non-IRA CTO的治疗

3.1. 最佳药物治疗

最佳药物治疗(optimal medical therapy, OMT)包括抗血小板药物、β受体阻滞剂、肾素–血管紧张素系统阻滞剂、钠–葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂、二肽基肽酶4抑制剂、硝酸酯类、他汀类、钙通道阻滞剂等药物,这也是冠心病患者最基础的用药。尽管这些药物的作用机制和适用人群已被广泛研究,但在具体的临床实践中,治疗方案需要根据患者的个体情况(如心率、血压和症状)进行调整,以达到最佳效果。在CTO患者中,关于PCI和OMT疗效的对比,多项研究给出相似的结论。EXPLORE试验[6]表明,在MACE(主要不良心血管事件)和心功能改善方面,PCI与OMT之间无统计学差异,且术后1年PCI对心绞痛症状的改善逐渐减弱。然而,EXPLORE试验仅纳入STEMI患者,未评估CTO下游的心肌活力,且该试验始于2007年,彼时CTO PCI的技术与现今不可同日而语。此后的DECISION-CTO研究[18]也得出了相似的结论,进一步表明OMT与PCI对患者预后没有显著差异。由于这些研究显示PCI在改善预后方面的优势不明显,在一些手术条件稍差的地区对CTO患者的治疗也多采用较为保守的OMT策略,仅有约15%~35%的CTO患者进行PCI血运重建[19]。据估计,要比较CTO PCI与OMT之间死亡率,理想的样本量需超过5000名患者[20],而目前的研究很少达到这一规模,统计效能有限。总的来说,OMT贯穿CTO治疗的全程,是其治疗的基础。

3.2. PCI

CTO血运重建的临床益处目前仍存在争议,轻度缺血通常对OMT反应良好,而大面积心肌缺血的患者可能会从CTO PCI中获益[21]。理论上,梗死边界区的部分心肌会从活跃状态转变为冬眠状态,反复冬眠则可能促进心肌细胞凋亡[22]。而血运重建可通过恢复心肌血液供应,使冬眠心肌逐步恢复活性,有助于减少心室重塑并改善心脏收缩功能。总的来说,CTO血运重建的预期益处包括:改善患者生活质量、提高左心室功能、提高长期生存率、增加对潜在后续冠状动脉事件的耐受性并降低恶性心律失常的风险。虽然这些研究存在选择偏倚、发表偏倚和潜在的混杂因素,但它们仍然在现实世界中提供了一定的临床指导价值,目前也得到了广泛的荟萃分析的支持[23] [24]

3.2.1. PCI的成功率

EXPLORE试验[6]报道的CTO PCI成功率约为73%。根据欧洲CTO注册中心[25]的数据,2008至2015年间,手术成功率从79.7%上升到89.3%。类似地,日本的J-CTO注册研究[26]和PROGRESS-CTO试验[27]显示CTO PCI的成功率为88%~89%。最近英国的一些中心报道的CTO PCI成功率可高达100% [17]。值得注意的是,大型注册研究所报道的手术成功率大多来自于地区的顶级医疗中心,代表当时最先进的技术手段。受样本量的影响,以及对“成功”的定义不尽相同,目前的CTO PCI成功率在不同地区仍有差异。随着CTO PCI技术的进步,操作者的经验积累、技术共享、相关手术培训的完善、专业设备和器械的广泛应用以及新型治疗策略的开发,都在一定程度上提高了整体的CTO PCI成功率。目前,CTO的PCI再通成功率可达85%~90%,并发症发生率也不断下降到约3%,但仍高于非CTO病变的PCI [21]

3.2.2. 指南建议

2023年ESC冠状动脉血管重建指南[28]建议血流动力学稳定的STEMl患者中的多血管疾病在初次PCl手术期间或45天内进行完全血运重建(I, A),建议ACS伴多支病变的心源性休克患者仅IRA PCI (I, B)。2024年ESC的关于CTO患者血运重建的评估和管理临床共识声明[21]指出:ACS (尤其是STEMI)期间存在CTO会增加患者发生心源性休克的风险,不鼓励在急性期尝试再通。对于血流动力学稳定的STEMI伴多血管疾病患者,2021年ACC/AHA/SCAI冠状动脉血管重建指南[29]建议在梗死相关动脉PCI成功后对非梗死相关动脉分期PCI,以降低死亡率或再梗死的风险(1, A)。无心源性休克和低复杂度多支血管疾病的STEMI可在梗死相关动脉PCI同时考虑IRA PCI,以降低心脏事件发生率(2b, B-R)。对于2型心肌梗死患者,治疗重点应放在急性诱发因素上,无需立即行CTO PCI,但在后期可再考虑。值得注意的是,目前大多研究和指南推荐主要针对多支血管病变患者,并非CTO患者。

完全血运重建在某些情况下似乎对STEMI有益,而对NSTEMI有益的证据则较少,指南建议也有限。2020年ESC无持续性ST段抬高患者急性冠脉综合征管理指南[30]指出:目前尚不清楚是否应该尝试仅对推定的罪犯血管进行PCI,还是应该对NSTEMI患者进行完全血运重建。2021年ACC/AHA/SCAI冠状动脉血管重建指南[29]建议对于心源性休克的NSTEMI患者,不应在同一时间下对非罪犯血管进行常规多支血管PCI。

总之,现有研究表明,分期PCI在某些情况下是安全且可行的,但其对长期预后的影响尚无定论,因为大多数研究是回顾性的,因此可能也报告了心力衰竭或心肌梗死以外的其他原因导致的大量超额死亡率。未来针对不同基线患者选择合适的治疗策略仍需更加严格的实验设计和亚组分析。

3.2.3. PCI时机的争议

普遍观点认为,AMI期间患者处于应激状态、血栓负荷重,过多的血管操作可能延长手术时间、增加造影剂和射线的用量,从而对患者不利。但对于处理罪犯血管后多长时间可行CTO PCI目前并无统一意见。EXPLORE试验[6]和Qin等[10]的研究均报道了在STEMI后约1周进行CTO PCI的可行性和安全性。荟萃分析[22]也支持在STEMI和多支血管病变患者初次PCI后的1周内进行分期PCI。然而随着理念的更新和技术的升级,越来越多的研究开始涉足这一领域,大型注册研究[31]表明,即刻和分期多血管PCI (出院前完成血运重建)的不良结局发生率相似。总之,早期的non-IRA CTO介入治疗可以是安全的选择,但对医疗条件和术者的要求极高,且对预后的改善也存在争议。所以,不应机械性地规定介入操作的具体时间,应充分考虑患者的发病时间、梗死部位、侧枝状态、年龄、合并症、SYNTAX评分、预计手术时间和操作者的技术水平等实际情况再做出CTO PCI的决策。

3.2.4. PCI对症状的改善

当IRA再通后,仍有部分患者经过给予OMT后仍然存在顽固性的心绞痛或呼吸困难等症状。虽然既往的一些研究[18] [32]认为CTO PCI对AMI患者的预后没有改善甚至有害,近些年发布的越来越多的临床研究[33] [34]和荟萃分析[35]均显示了AMI患者完全血运重建后有助于心绞痛、呼吸困难等症状的改善。还有研究表明[36] CTO PCI除了缓解局部缺血、增加运动能力、提高厌氧阈值,还能改善抑郁症。

3.2.5. PCI对心律失常的影响

多项研究[6] [37]表明,成功的CTO PCI可减慢心室的重塑进程、降低致命性心律失常相关风险。但对其进行长期随访的研究目前仍然较少,证据尚不够充分,指南对此类患者也未能给出明确的建议。目前NOBLE-CTO研究[38] (与药物治疗相比,经皮介入治疗对慢性全冠状动脉闭塞患者复杂心律失常的影响)结果尚未公布。因此,CTO PCI对患者心律失常的影响仍有待于未来的不断深入研究。

3.2.6. PCI对左室射血分数的影响

AMI合并non-IRA CTO的患者通常伴有较低的左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF),这些患者多伴有高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾病和既往心梗史。对于LVEF降低的AMI患者,尽管EXPLORE试验[6]和REVASC试验[39]未发现CTO PCI能改善LVEF,但仍有不少研究证实了CTO PCI可提高LVEF。Qin等[10]发现LVEF < 50%是AMI合并CTO患者长期心源性死亡的独立预测因子,成功的CTO PCI与这些低LVEF患者的临床结局改善密切相关,这与Yoshida等[40]的回顾性研究结果一致。日本的一项观察性研究[41]也发现,在LVEF降低的患者中,CTO患者的1年全因死亡率和MACE发生率明显高于无CTO患者。此外,荟萃分析[42]也表明,成功的CTO PCI与心力衰竭的改善显著相关,成功PCI可以有效降低患者的心衰风险。事实上,LVEF的改善与再通前的存活心肌数量有关。根据心肌增强磁共振对CTO区域的检测,通常在CTO PCI后延迟强化透壁程度小于50%的节段的心室收缩功能能显著改善,而大于50%的节段中则没有改善[43]。这可以解释为什么功能失调但有活力的心肌经过成功CTO PCI不会导致所有患者预期的左心室功能恢复。遗憾的是共识[21]认为来自荟萃分析和注册研究的证据在随机试验中未得到证实,目前证据仍然不足以得出关于CTO PCI改善左心室功能的确切结论。

3.2.7. 介入治疗对终点事件的影响

虽然上述的DECISION-CTO试验[18]、EXPLORE试验[6]和CULPRIT-SHOCK试验[32]及目前的共识[21]不认为与OMT相比,CTO血运重建可减少死亡率。但仍有相当多的研究报告了CTO PCI的获益,多中心前瞻性研究[44]和最近的观察性研究[45]显示,在短期随访期间,CTO PCI患者的MACE和心血管死亡率都有所降低。在长期预后方面,近年的研究[40] [46]表明:与无再通的CTO相比,CTO PCI后10年心源性死亡率显著降低。Winther等[47]的研究表明无论是长期还是短期预后(30天和8年)都取得了良好的改善。因此,尽管目前对CTO PCI降低患者死亡率方面较为乐观,但随机试验在样本量、患者选择偏倚和试验设计方面存在局限性,来自随机试验和大型注册库的相互矛盾的证据仍然不足以得出令人信服的结论。需要进一步的大规模随机对照试验并进行长期随访,以确定CTO血运重建在降低终点事件方面是否确实优于OMT。

3.3. 对CTO钙化病变的治疗

CTO病变往往伴随着严重的钙化,自1990年代以来,CTO PCI一直被积极推崇,并且仍然是最具挑战性的介入治疗之一。随着专用导丝的出现,已经为顺行入路开发了如正向夹层再进入技术(antegrade dissection re-entry technique, ADR)等手术方法,2000年代以后,由于专用导丝和微导管的出现,逆行方法也取得了快速发展,导致了各种创新,如反向控制性前向与逆向内膜下寻径技术(reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking technique, CART) [48],这些技术大大提高了CTO钙化病变的手术成功率。然而在处理CTO的钙化病变时经常会遇到血管夹层、穿孔、急性血栓形成等并发症,为了优化PCI治疗的效果,近年来也出现了一些辅助技术,例如切割球囊(cutting balloon, CB)、血管内碎石术(intravascular lithotripsy, IVL)、准分子激光冠状动脉斑块消融术(excimer laser coronary atherectomy, ELCA)、旋磨术(rotational atherectomy, RA)、轨道旋磨术(orbital atherectomy, OA)、血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound, IVUS)、光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)等[49]。随着设备的不断升级,这些技术的安全性也不断被越来越多的实验所证实,它们也会给CTO的介入操作带来更多的便利。

3.4. 冠状动脉旁路移植术

既往研究[50]表明,CTO PCI失败后接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG)的患者与直接接受CABG的患者在心肌梗死率或长期死亡率方面没有差异,这表明在CABG之前尝试CTO PCI是安全的,但CABG在STEMI急性期的作用有限,并且在STEMI的应用逐渐减少。2021ACC/AHA/SCAI冠状动脉心肌血运重建指南[29]将CABG治疗冠心病三支病变从原先的I类推荐降为IIb类推荐,并将桡动脉入路从原先的IIa类推荐提升为I类推荐,上述变化也受到各国心脏外科医师和多个心脏外科协会及学会的关注和质疑。2024年ESC的关于CTO患者血运重建的评估和管理临床共识声明[21]也更倾向于PCI而不是CABG。

3.5. 冠状动脉杂交手术

近年来,冠状动脉杂交手术(hybrid coronary revascularization, HCR)因为结合了内科PCI和外科CABG的双重优势开始越来越多地应用于临床。最新研究[51]表明,在治疗多支病变和复杂病变方面,HCR是一种安全有效的技术,与传统CABG相比具有创伤小、风险低、术后恢复快、并发症少和不良事件发生率低等优势,然而,由于杂交手术涉及多学科合作以及支架类型的选择等诸多因素使其推广受到了限制。对于CTO患者的应用也有待于今后的临床研究加以论证。

4. AMI合并Non-IRA CTO的侧支循环

近年的两项研究[52] [53]表明,non-IRA CTO的患者可能会面临AMI的“双重危险”,即如果CTO的远端心肌依赖于来自IRA的侧支血流,那么在IRA急性闭塞时,CTO区域的心肌也可能受损,导致更大的梗死面积。荟萃分析[54]表明:具有稳健侧支的CTO患者发生AMI的比例(OR: 0.89, 95%CI: 0.39~2.04)或全因死亡率(OR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.42~1.58)并不低,但更有可能成功进行PCI (OR: 4.04, 95%CI: 1.10~14.85)。这意味着具有良好侧支的患者可能有更高的手术成功率和较好的临床预后。然而,Ybarra等[55]的研究表明,侧支循环对患者的预后影响并不显著,尽管侧支成熟度与手术成功率相关,但未能改善患者的长期预后。Scholz等[56]的研究表明,侧支循环的存在可能会引起更加严重的后果,院内死亡率与侧支的来源存在显著差异,侧支源自non-IRA的死亡率为15.2%、源自IRA近端和远端的死亡率分别为29.4%和3.3%。这一发现挑战了“双重危险”假设,认为在具有non-IRA CTO的STEMI患者中,存在从IRA远端到CTO血管的侧枝与更好的预后相关。对此,有两种可能的病理生理机制来解释[56]:如果侧支源自IRA远端,急性血栓导致从新闭塞的血管到CTO区域的侧支血流突然中断。由于预先存在的CTO侧支循环网络,因此CTO区域的某些部分仍能保持灌注,这可能导致压力梯度发生变化,并在先前存在的IRA-CTO侧枝中发生血流逆转。因此,这种机制对急性梗死区域进行保护性血流灌注,特别是在梗死边界区的微循环中。相反,若侧支源自IRA近端,IRA中的急性闭塞可能导致闭塞近端侧支流出的血液增加,从而进一步剥夺急性梗死区域的血液供应。总体而言,侧支循环的来源、数量和成熟度是影响急性STEMI患者短期预后的关键因素。

5. 总结

AMI合并non-IRA CTO的发病率目前尚不明确,随着人口老龄化,相信在今后AMI的诊治中也会面对越来越多的CTO患者。根据现有的临床研究,这种曾经被认为难以治疗的病变,目前也有了不断完善的治疗方案,还取得了令人满意的治疗效果。展望未来,随着更先进的医疗器械、更完善的指南共识以及术者对临床经验的积累,这一领域将持续取得新的突破。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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